Chapter 4 Flashcards
The activation of receptors in the various sense organs
SENSATION
Specialized forms of neurons. Stimulated by different kids of energy rather than by neurotransmitters
SENSORY RECEPTORS
SENSE ORGANS
- EYES
- NOSE
- EARS
- SKIN
- TASTE BUDS
Turning outside stimuli into neural activity
TRANSDUCTION
The smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time
JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND OR THE DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD)
Proposed by Ernst Weber also known as the Weber’s law?
JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND OR THE DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD)
The smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
Sensory Threshold proposed by Gustav Fechner?
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD
Stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness
– just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors, but not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them
SUBLIMINAL STIMULI
LIMIN means?
THRESHOLD
SUBLIMIN means?
BELOW THE THRESHOLD
The tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information
HABITUATION
The tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging
SENSORY ADAPTATION
Constant movement of the eyes; tiny little vibrations that people do not notice consciously
MICROSACCADES
Prevent sensory adaptation to visual stimuli
MICROSACCADES
Perceptual properties of the light?
- BRIGHTNESS
- COLOR OR HUE
- SATURATION
Determined by the amplitude of the wave—how high or how low the wave actually is
BRIGHTNESS
Determined by the length of the wave
COLOR OR HUE
The purity of the color people see
SATURATION
The change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close
VISUAL ACCOMODATION
Jelly-like fluid that also nourishes the eye and gives it shape
VITREOUS HUMOR
The shape of the eye causes the focal point to fall short of the retina
NEARSIGHTEDNESS or MYOPIA
The focus point is behind the retina
FARSIGHTEDNESS or HYPEROPIA
Area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; insensitive to light
BLIND SPOT
2 TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE EYES
RODS AND CONES
RODS is for
MONOCHROME
CONES is for
COLORS
The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights
DARK ADAPTATION
The recovery of the eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness
LIGHT ADAPTATION
Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green
TRICHROMATIC THEORY
Theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow
OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY
Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed
AFTERIMAGES
A condition in which a person’s eyes either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all
MONOCHROME COLORBLINDNESS
Either the red or the green cones are not working
RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS
Interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, or low)
WAVELENGTH
Interpreted as volume (how soft or loud a sound Is)
AMPLITUDE
Interpreted as timbre (a richness in the tone of the sound)
PURITY
Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency
HERTZ (Hz)
Types of Hearing Impairments
Conduction hearing impairment and Nerve hearing impairment
taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste
TASTE BUDS
The sensation of a taste
GUSTATION
Five basic tastes
SWEET, SOUR, BITTER, SALTY, UMAMI or BROTHY
sense of smell
OLFACTION
Areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells
OLFACTORY BULBS
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS HAVE ATLEASE?
1000 OLFACTORY RECEPTORS CELLS
The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses
SOMESTHETIC SENSES
The sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
SKIN SENSES
Pain signals must pass through a “gate” located in the spinal cord
GATE-CONTROL THEORY
Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other
KINESTHETHIC SENSE
The sensations of movement, balance, and body position
VESTIBULAR SENSES
An explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses
SENSORY CONFLICT THEORY
The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion
PERCEPTION
The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance
SIZE CONSTANCY
The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina
SHAPE CONSTANCY
The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change
BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY
The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background
FIGURE-GROUND
Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed
REVERSIBLE FIGURES
Tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping
PROXIMITY
Tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group
SIMILARITY
Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
CLOSURE
Tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken up pattern
CONTINUITY
Tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
CONTIGUITY
The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
DEPTH PERCEPTION
Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only
Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)
The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
The assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer
OVERLAP
The tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases
TEXTURE GRADIENT
The perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away
MOTION PARALLAX
Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes
BINOCULAR CUES
The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant
objects
BINOCULAR DISPARITY
Illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different
Müller-Lyer illusion
the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky
MOON ILLUSION
ILLUSION OF MOTION due in part to microsaccades
THE ENIGMA
The tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or
expectations influence those perceptions
PERCEPTUAL SET OR PERCEPTUAL EXPECTANCY
The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING
