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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The activation of receptors in the various sense organs

A

SENSATION

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2
Q

Specialized forms of neurons. Stimulated by different kids of energy rather than by neurotransmitters

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

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3
Q

SENSE ORGANS

A
  • EYES
  • NOSE
  • EARS
  • SKIN
  • TASTE BUDS
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4
Q

Turning outside stimuli into neural activity

A

TRANSDUCTION

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5
Q

The smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

A

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND OR THE DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD)

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6
Q

Proposed by Ernst Weber also known as the Weber’s law?

A

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND OR THE DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD)

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7
Q

The smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present

A

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

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8
Q

Sensory Threshold proposed by Gustav Fechner?

A

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

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9
Q

Stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness
– just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors, but not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them

A

SUBLIMINAL STIMULI

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10
Q

LIMIN means?

A

THRESHOLD

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11
Q

SUBLIMIN means?

A

BELOW THE THRESHOLD

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12
Q

The tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

A

HABITUATION

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13
Q

The tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

A

SENSORY ADAPTATION

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14
Q

Constant movement of the eyes; tiny little vibrations that people do not notice consciously

A

MICROSACCADES

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15
Q

Prevent sensory adaptation to visual stimuli

A

MICROSACCADES

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16
Q

Perceptual properties of the light?

A
  • BRIGHTNESS
  • COLOR OR HUE
  • SATURATION
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17
Q

Determined by the amplitude of the wave—how high or how low the wave actually is

A

BRIGHTNESS

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18
Q

Determined by the length of the wave

A

COLOR OR HUE

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19
Q

The purity of the color people see

A

SATURATION

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20
Q

The change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close

A

VISUAL ACCOMODATION

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21
Q

Jelly-like fluid that also nourishes the eye and gives it shape

A

VITREOUS HUMOR

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22
Q

The shape of the eye causes the focal point to fall short of the retina

A

NEARSIGHTEDNESS or MYOPIA

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23
Q

The focus point is behind the retina

A

FARSIGHTEDNESS or HYPEROPIA

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24
Q

Area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; insensitive to light

A

BLIND SPOT

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25
2 TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE EYES
RODS AND CONES
26
RODS is for
MONOCHROME
27
CONES is for
COLORS
28
The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights
DARK ADAPTATION
29
The recovery of the eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness
LIGHT ADAPTATION
30
Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green
TRICHROMATIC THEORY
31
Theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow
OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY
32
Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed
AFTERIMAGES
33
A condition in which a person’s eyes either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all
MONOCHROME COLORBLINDNESS
34
Either the red or the green cones are not working
RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS
35
Interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, or low)
WAVELENGTH
36
Interpreted as volume (how soft or loud a sound Is)
AMPLITUDE
37
Interpreted as timbre (a richness in the tone of the sound)
PURITY
38
Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency
HERTZ (Hz)
39
Types of Hearing Impairments
Conduction hearing impairment and Nerve hearing impairment
40
taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste
TASTE BUDS
41
The sensation of a taste
GUSTATION
42
Five basic tastes
SWEET, SOUR, BITTER, SALTY, UMAMI or BROTHY
43
sense of smell
OLFACTION
44
Areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells
OLFACTORY BULBS
45
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS HAVE ATLEASE?
1000 OLFACTORY RECEPTORS CELLS
46
The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses
SOMESTHETIC SENSES
47
The sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
SKIN SENSES
48
Pain signals must pass through a “gate” located in the spinal cord
GATE-CONTROL THEORY
49
Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other
KINESTHETHIC SENSE
50
The sensations of movement, balance, and body position
VESTIBULAR SENSES
51
An explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses
SENSORY CONFLICT THEORY
52
The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion
PERCEPTION
53
The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance
SIZE CONSTANCY
54
The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina
SHAPE CONSTANCY
55
The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change
BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY
56
The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background
FIGURE-GROUND
57
Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed
REVERSIBLE FIGURES
58
Tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping
PROXIMITY
59
Tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group
SIMILARITY
60
Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
CLOSURE
61
Tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken up pattern
CONTINUITY
62
Tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
CONTIGUITY
63
The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
DEPTH PERCEPTION
64
Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only
Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)
65
The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
66
The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
67
The assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer
OVERLAP
68
The tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases
TEXTURE GRADIENT
69
The perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away
MOTION PARALLAX
70
Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes
BINOCULAR CUES
71
The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects
BINOCULAR DISPARITY
72
Illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different
Müller-Lyer illusion
73
the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky
MOON ILLUSION
74
ILLUSION OF MOTION due in part to microsaccades
THE ENIGMA
75
The tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions
PERCEPTUAL SET OR PERCEPTUAL EXPECTANCY
76
The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
77
The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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