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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

The activation of receptors in the various sense organs

A

SENSATION

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2
Q

Specialized forms of neurons. Stimulated by different kids of energy rather than by neurotransmitters

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

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3
Q

SENSE ORGANS

A
  • EYES
  • NOSE
  • EARS
  • SKIN
  • TASTE BUDS
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4
Q

Turning outside stimuli into neural activity

A

TRANSDUCTION

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5
Q

The smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time

A

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND OR THE DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD)

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6
Q

Proposed by Ernst Weber also known as the Weber’s law?

A

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND OR THE DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD)

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7
Q

The smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present

A

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

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8
Q

Sensory Threshold proposed by Gustav Fechner?

A

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

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9
Q

Stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness
– just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors, but not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them

A

SUBLIMINAL STIMULI

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10
Q

LIMIN means?

A

THRESHOLD

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11
Q

SUBLIMIN means?

A

BELOW THE THRESHOLD

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12
Q

The tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

A

HABITUATION

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13
Q

The tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

A

SENSORY ADAPTATION

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14
Q

Constant movement of the eyes; tiny little vibrations that people do not notice consciously

A

MICROSACCADES

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15
Q

Prevent sensory adaptation to visual stimuli

A

MICROSACCADES

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16
Q

Perceptual properties of the light?

A
  • BRIGHTNESS
  • COLOR OR HUE
  • SATURATION
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17
Q

Determined by the amplitude of the wave—how high or how low the wave actually is

A

BRIGHTNESS

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18
Q

Determined by the length of the wave

A

COLOR OR HUE

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19
Q

The purity of the color people see

A

SATURATION

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20
Q

The change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close

A

VISUAL ACCOMODATION

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21
Q

Jelly-like fluid that also nourishes the eye and gives it shape

A

VITREOUS HUMOR

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22
Q

The shape of the eye causes the focal point to fall short of the retina

A

NEARSIGHTEDNESS or MYOPIA

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23
Q

The focus point is behind the retina

A

FARSIGHTEDNESS or HYPEROPIA

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24
Q

Area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve; insensitive to light

A

BLIND SPOT

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25
Q

2 TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE EYES

A

RODS AND CONES

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26
Q

RODS is for

A

MONOCHROME

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27
Q

CONES is for

A

COLORS

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28
Q

The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights

A

DARK ADAPTATION

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29
Q

The recovery of the eyes sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness

A

LIGHT ADAPTATION

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30
Q

Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

A

TRICHROMATIC THEORY

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31
Q

Theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow

A

OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY

32
Q

Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed

A

AFTERIMAGES

33
Q

A condition in which a person’s eyes either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all

A

MONOCHROME COLORBLINDNESS

34
Q

Either the red or the green cones are not working

A

RED-GREEN COLORBLINDNESS

35
Q

Interpreted as frequency or pitch (high, medium, or low)

A

WAVELENGTH

36
Q

Interpreted as volume (how soft or loud a sound Is)

A

AMPLITUDE

37
Q

Interpreted as timbre (a richness in the tone of the sound)

A

PURITY

38
Q

Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency

A

HERTZ (Hz)

39
Q

Types of Hearing Impairments

A

Conduction hearing impairment and Nerve hearing impairment

40
Q

taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for sense of taste

A

TASTE BUDS

41
Q

The sensation of a taste

A

GUSTATION

42
Q

Five basic tastes

A

SWEET, SOUR, BITTER, SALTY, UMAMI or BROTHY

43
Q

sense of smell

A

OLFACTION

44
Q

Areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells

A

OLFACTORY BULBS

45
Q

OLFACTORY RECEPTORS HAVE ATLEASE?

A

1000 OLFACTORY RECEPTORS CELLS

46
Q

The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses

A

SOMESTHETIC SENSES

47
Q

The sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

A

SKIN SENSES

48
Q

Pain signals must pass through a “gate” located in the spinal cord

A

GATE-CONTROL THEORY

49
Q

Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other

A

KINESTHETHIC SENSE

50
Q

The sensations of movement, balance, and body position

A

VESTIBULAR SENSES

51
Q

An explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses

A

SENSORY CONFLICT THEORY

52
Q

The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion

A

PERCEPTION

53
Q

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

A

SIZE CONSTANCY

54
Q

The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

A

SHAPE CONSTANCY

55
Q

The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

A

BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY

56
Q

The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

A

FIGURE-GROUND

57
Q

Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

A

REVERSIBLE FIGURES

58
Q

Tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

A

PROXIMITY

59
Q

Tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

A

SIMILARITY

60
Q

Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

A

CLOSURE

61
Q

Tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken up pattern

A

CONTINUITY

62
Q

Tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

A

CONTIGUITY

63
Q

The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

A

DEPTH PERCEPTION

64
Q

Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only

A

Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)

65
Q

The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other

A

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

66
Q

The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other

A

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

67
Q

The assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

A

OVERLAP

68
Q

The tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases

A

TEXTURE GRADIENT

69
Q

The perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

A

MOTION PARALLAX

70
Q

Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes

A

BINOCULAR CUES

71
Q

The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant
objects

A

BINOCULAR DISPARITY

72
Q

Illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different

A

Müller-Lyer illusion

73
Q

the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky

A

MOON ILLUSION

74
Q

ILLUSION OF MOTION due in part to microsaccades

A

THE ENIGMA

75
Q

The tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or
expectations influence those perceptions

A

PERCEPTUAL SET OR PERCEPTUAL EXPECTANCY

76
Q

The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

A

TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

77
Q

The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception

A

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY (8 decks)

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