Chapter 8

Question 1

any behavior that is designed to increase another person’s welfare, and particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs them

Answer 1

altruism

Question 2

the idea that if we help other people now, they will return the favor should we need their help in the future.

Answer 2

reciprocal altruism

Question 3

We frequently use each other to gain rewards and to help protect ourselves from harm, and helping is one type of benefit that we can provide to others.

Answer 3

social exchange

Question 4

a social norm reminding us that we should follow the principles of reciprocal altruism

Answer 4

reciprocity norm

Question 5

we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.

Answer 5

social responsibility norm

Question 6

the negative emotions that we may experience when we view another person’s suffering.

Answer 6

personal distress

Question 7

an affective response in which a person understands, and even feels, another person’s distress and experiences events the way the other person does.

Answer 7

empathy

Question 8

when people think that others in their environment have information that they do not have and when they base their judgments on what they think the others are thinking.

Answer 8

pluralistic ignorance

Question 9

occurs when we assume that others will take action and therefore we do not take action ourselves.

Answer 9

diffusion of responsibility

Question 10

Some people are indeed more helpful than others across a variety of situations

Answer 10

altruistic/prosocial personality

Question 11

beliefs that people get what they deserve in life

Answer 11

Just world beliefs

Question 12

when the recipient feels that the implication of the helping is that they are unable to care for themselves.

Answer 12

dependency oriented

Question 13

reflects the helper’s view that, given the appropriate tools, recipients can help themselves

Answer 13

autonomy-oriented help