Chapter 3

Question 1

a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals.

Answer 1

self-concept

Question 2

a variety of different cognitive aspects of the self

Answer 2

self-schemas

Question 3

information that is processed in relationship to the self is particularly well remembered

Answer 3

self-reference effect

Question 4

the specific and stable personality characteristics that describe an individual (“I am friendly,” “I am shy,” “I am persistent”).

Answer 4

personality traits

Question 5

the sense of our self that involves our memberships in social groups.

Answer 5

social identity

Question 6

the extent to which individuals have many different and relatively independent ways of thinking about themselves.

Answer 6

self-complexity

Question 7

the extent to which one’s self-concept is clearly and consistently defined.

Answer 7

self-concept clarity

Question 8

the extent to which we are currently fixing our attention on our own self-concept.

Answer 8

self-awareness

Question 9

When our self-concept becomes highly accessible because of our concerns about being observed and potentially judged by others.

Answer 9

self-consciousness

Question 10

the loss of individual self-awareness and individual accountability in groups

Answer 10

deindividuation

Question 11

the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings.

Answer 11

private self-consciousness

Question 12

the tendency to focus on our outer public image and to be particularly aware of the extent to which we are meeting the standards set by others.

Answer 12

public self-consciousness

Question 13

when we focus our attention on ourselves, we tend to compare our current behavior against our internal standards.

Answer 13

self-awareness theory

Question 14

when we perceive a discrepancy between our actual and ideal selves, this is distressing to us

Answer 14

self-discrepancy theory

Question 15

the discomfort that occurs when we respond in ways that we see as inconsistent.

Answer 15

cognitive dissonance

Question 16

people will try to reduce the threat to their self-concept posed by feelings of self-discrepancy by focusing on and affirming their worth in another domain, unrelated to the issue at hand.

Answer 16

self-affirmation theory

Question 17

the positive (high self-esteem) or negative (low self-esteem) feelings that we have about ourselves.

Answer 17

self-esteem

Question 18

a personality trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness.

Answer 18

narcissism

Question 19

people often seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether it is positive or negative

Answer 19

self-verification theory

Question 20

part of how we see ourselves comes from our perception of how others see us

Answer 20

looking-glass self

Question 21

when we are labeled, and others’ views and expectations of us are affected by that labeling

Answer 21

labeling bias

Question 22

when we adopt others’ labels explicitly into our self-concept.

Answer 22

self-labeling

Question 23

when individuals turn prejudice directed toward them by others onto themselves.

Answer 23

internalized prejudice

Question 24

when we learn about our abilities and skills, about the appropriateness and validity of our opinions, and about our relative social status by comparing our own attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of others.

Answer 24

social comparison

Question 25

when we attempt to create a positive image of ourselves through favorable comparisons with others who are worse off than we are.

Answer 25

downward social comparison

Question 26

when we compare ourselves with others who are better off than we are

Answer 26

upward social comparison

Question 27

we draw part of our sense of identity and self-esteem from the social groups that we belong to

Answer 27

social identity theory

Question 28

when we use and advertise our ingroups’ positive achievements to boost our self-esteem.

Answer 28

basking in the reflected glory

Question 29

our self-esteem can be threatened when someone else outperforms us, particularly if that person is close to us and the performance domain is central to our self-concept.

Answer 29

self-evaluation maintenance theory

Question 30

The tendency to present a positive self-image to others, with the goal of increasing our social status

Answer 30

self-presentation

Question 31

a form of long-term self-presentation, where individuals seek to build and sustain specific reputations with important audiences.

Answer 31

reputation management

Question 32

the tendency to be both motivated and capable of regulating our behavior to meet the demands of social situations

Answer 32

self-monitoring