Chapter 3 Flashcards
a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals.
self-concept
a variety of different cognitive aspects of the self
self-schemas
information that is processed in relationship to the self is particularly well remembered
self-reference effect
the specific and stable personality characteristics that describe an individual (“I am friendly,” “I am shy,” “I am persistent”).
personality traits
the sense of our self that involves our memberships in social groups.
social identity
the extent to which individuals have many different and relatively independent ways of thinking about themselves.
self-complexity
the extent to which one’s self-concept is clearly and consistently defined.
self-concept clarity
the extent to which we are currently fixing our attention on our own self-concept.
self-awareness
When our self-concept becomes highly accessible because of our concerns about being observed and potentially judged by others.
self-consciousness
the loss of individual self-awareness and individual accountability in groups
deindividuation
the tendency to introspect about our inner thoughts and feelings.
private self-consciousness
the tendency to focus on our outer public image and to be particularly aware of the extent to which we are meeting the standards set by others.
public self-consciousness
when we focus our attention on ourselves, we tend to compare our current behavior against our internal standards.
self-awareness theory
when we perceive a discrepancy between our actual and ideal selves, this is distressing to us
self-discrepancy theory
the discomfort that occurs when we respond in ways that we see as inconsistent.
cognitive dissonance
people will try to reduce the threat to their self-concept posed by feelings of self-discrepancy by focusing on and affirming their worth in another domain, unrelated to the issue at hand.
self-affirmation theory
the positive (high self-esteem) or negative (low self-esteem) feelings that we have about ourselves.
self-esteem
a personality trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness.
narcissism
people often seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether it is positive or negative
self-verification theory
part of how we see ourselves comes from our perception of how others see us
looking-glass self
when we are labeled, and others’ views and expectations of us are affected by that labeling
labeling bias
when we adopt others’ labels explicitly into our self-concept.
self-labeling
when individuals turn prejudice directed toward them by others onto themselves.
internalized prejudice
when we learn about our abilities and skills, about the appropriateness and validity of our opinions, and about our relative social status by comparing our own attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of others.
social comparison
when we attempt to create a positive image of ourselves through favorable comparisons with others who are worse off than we are.
downward social comparison
when we compare ourselves with others who are better off than we are
upward social comparison
we draw part of our sense of identity and self-esteem from the social groups that we belong to
social identity theory
when we use and advertise our ingroups’ positive achievements to boost our self-esteem.
basking in the reflected glory
our self-esteem can be threatened when someone else outperforms us, particularly if that person is close to us and the performance domain is central to our self-concept.
self-evaluation maintenance theory
The tendency to present a positive self-image to others, with the goal of increasing our social status
self-presentation
a form of long-term self-presentation, where individuals seek to build and sustain specific reputations with important audiences.
reputation management
the tendency to be both motivated and capable of regulating our behavior to meet the demands of social situations
self-monitoring
