Chapter 5

Question 1

The process of learning about other people

Answer 1

Person perception

Question 2

Any type of communication that does not involve speaking, including facial expressions, body language, touching, voice, patterns, and interpersonal distance

Answer 2

Nonverbal behavior

Question 3

Characteristics that have a very strong influence on our impressions of others

Answer 3

Central traits

Question 4

The tendency for information that we learn first to be weighted more heavily, than is information that we learn later

Answer 4

Primacy effect

Question 5

Information that comes later is given more weight

Answer 5

Recency effect

Question 6

The influence of a global positive evaluation of a person on perceptions of their specific traits

Answer 6

Halo effect

Question 7

The process of trying to determine the cause of people’s behavior

Answer 7

Casual attribution

Question 8

When we decide that the behavior was caused primarily by the person

Answer 8

Personal (or internal/dispositional) attribution

Question 9

We may determine that the behavior was caused primarily by the situation

Answer 9

Situational (or external) attribution

Question 10

A given behavior is more likely to have been caused by the situation if that behavior covaries (oil changes) across situations

Answer 10

Covariation principal

Question 11

Always produces the behavior in the target

Answer 11

Consistency information

Question 12

Occurs when the situation is present, but not when it is not present

Answer 12

Distinctiveness information

Question 13

Creates the same behavior in most people

Answer 13

Consensus information

Question 14

When we tend to overestimate the role of personal factors, and overlook the impact of situations

Answer 14

Fundamental attribution error

Question 15

When we attribute behaviors to peoples internal characteristics, even in heavily constrained situations

Answer 15

Correspondence bias

Question 16

We tend to make more personal attributions for the behavior of others, than we do for ourselves, and to make more situational attributions for our own behavior than for the behavior of others

Answer 16

Actor-observer bias or difference

Question 17

A tendency for people to view their own personality, beliefs, and behaviors, as more variable than those of others

Answer 17

Trait ascription bias

Question 18

Attributions that help us meet our desire to see ourselves positively

Answer 18

Self-serving attributions

Question 19

The tendency to attribute our success to ourselves and our failures to others and the situation

Answer 19

Self-serving bias

Question 20

A tendency to make internal attribution about our ingroups successes, and external attributions about their setbacks, and to make the opposite pattern of attributions about our outgroups

Answer 20

Group serving bias/ultimate attribution error

Question 21

A tendency to make attributional generalizations about entire outgroups based on a very small number of observations of individual members

Answer 21

Group attribution error

Question 22

A tendency to make attributions based on the belief that the world is fundamentally just

Answer 22

Just world hypothesis

Question 23

When we make attributions, which defend ourselves from the notion that we could be the victim of an unfortunate outcome, and often also that we could be held responsible as the victim

Answer 23

Defensive attribution

Question 24

The tendency to think carefully and fully about our experiences

Answer 24

Need for cognition

Question 25

Tend to believe that peoples traits are fundamentally stable, and incapable of change

Answer 25

Entity theorist

Question 26

Those who believe that personalities change a lot overtime, and therefore are more likely to make situational attributions for events

Answer 26

Incremental theorists

Question 27

The type of attributions that we tend to make for the events that occur to us

Answer 27

Attributional style

Question 28

Attributions that we think will be relatively permanent

Answer 28

Stable attributions

Question 29

Attributions that are expected to change over time

Answer 29

Unstable attributions

Question 30

Attributions that we feel apply broadly

Answer 30

Global attributions

Question 31

Attributions that we see as more unique to particular events

Answer 31

Specific attributions

Question 32

Continually making external, stable, and global attributions for behavior

Answer 32

Learned helplessness

Question 33

The tendency to explain negative events by referring to one’s own internal stable and global qualities

Answer 33

Negative attributional style

Question 34

Ways of explaining events that are related to high self-esteem, and a tendency to explain the negative events they experience by referring to external, unstable and specific qualities

Answer 34

Positive attributional style

Question 35

The tendency to be overly positive about the likelihood that negative things will occur to us, and that we will be able to effectively cope with them if they do

Answer 35

Unrealistic optimism

Question 36

Occurs when we make statements or engage in behaviors that help us create a convenient external attribution for a potential failure

Answer 36

Self handicapping

Question 37

The probability that someone will think carefully

Answer 37

Elaboration likelihood