Chapter 2

Question 1

The ability to connect stimuli with responses

Answer 1

Conditioning

Question 2

The principal that experiences that are followed by positive emotions are likely to be repeated, whereas experiences that are followed by negative emotions are less likely to be repeated

Answer 2

Operant learning

Question 3

When an object or event comes to be associated with a natural response, such as an automatic behavior, or a positive or negative emotion

Answer 3

Associational behavior

Question 4

People learn by observing the behavior of others

Answer 4

Observational learning

Question 5

Knowledge representations that include information about a person, group, or situation

Answer 5

Schema

Question 6

The part of the brain that lies in front of the motor areas of the cortex, and that helps us remember the characteristics and actions of other people, plan complex social behaviors, and coordinate our behaviors with those of others

Answer 6

Prefrontal cortex

Question 7

When existing schemas change on the basis of new information

Answer 7

Accommodation

Question 8

A process in which our existing knowledge influences new conflicting information it’s a better fit with our existing knowledge, that’s reducing the likelihood of schema change

Answer 8

Assimilation

Question 9

The tendency for people to seek out and favorite information that confirms their expectations and beliefs

Answer 9

Confirmation bias

Question 10

A process that occurs when our expectations about others lead us to behave toward those others in a way that makes our expectations come true

Answer 10

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 11

Thinking that occurs out of our awareness, quickly, and without taking much effort

Answer 11

Automatic cognition

Question 12

When we deliberately size up and think about something, for instance, another person

Answer 12

Controlled cognition

Question 13

A technique in which information is temporarily brought into memory through exposure to situational events, which can then influence judgments entirely out of awareness

Answer 13

Priming

Question 14

The likelihood that events occur across a large population

Answer 14

Base rate

Question 15

When we base our judgments on information that seems to represent, or match, what we expect will happen, while ignoring more informative base rate information

Answer 15

Representativeness heuristic

Question 16

The extent to which a schema is activated in memory, and that’s likely to be used in information processing

Answer 16

Cognitive accessibility

Question 17

The tendency to make judgments of the frequency of an event, or the likelihood that an event will occur, on the basis of the ease with which the event can be retrieved from memory

Answer 17

Availability heuristic

Question 18

The ease with which we can process information in our environments

Answer 18

Processing fluency

Question 19

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people hold similar views to our own

Answer 19

False consensus bias

Question 20

The tendency to assume that other share our cognitive and affective states

Answer 20

Projection bias

Question 21

The tendency to think about events, according to what might have been

Answer 21

Counterfactual thinking

Question 22

The accessibility of the initial information frequently prevent this adjustment from occurring-leading us to weigh initial information to heavily and thereby insufficiently move our judgment away from it

Answer 22

Anchoring and adjustment

Question 23

A tendency to be overconfident in our own skills, abilities, and judgments

Answer 23

Overconfidence bias

Question 24

A tendency to believe that positive outcomes are more likely to happen than negative ones, particularly in relation to ourselves versus others

Answer 24

Optimistic bias

Question 25

Social judgments about the future, or less positively skewed, and more often accurate than those who do not have depression

Answer 25

Depressive realism

Question 26

A tendency to overestimate the amount that we can accomplish over a particular time frame

Answer 26

Planning fallacy

Question 27

The tendency to believe that our own judgments are less susceptible to the influence of bias than those of others

Answer 27

Bias Blind spot

Question 28

A tendency to rely on automatically occurring affective responses to stimuli to guide our judgments of them

Answer 28

Affect heuristic

Question 29

A tendency to better remember information when our current mood matches the mood we were in when we encoded that information

Answer 29

Mood dependent memory

Question 30

When we are more able to retrieve memories that match our current mood

Answer 30

Mood congruence effects

Question 31

When people in correctly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing

Answer 31

Misattribution of arousal

Question 32

When peoples judgments about different options are affected by whether they are framed as resulting in gains or losses

Answer 32

Framing effects

Question 33

The process of setting goals, and using our cognitive and effective capacities to reach those goals

Answer 33

Self-regulation

Question 34

Altering and emotional state by reinterpreting the meaning of the triggering situation or stimulus

Answer 34

Cognitive reappraisal

Question 35

A way of explaining current outcomes affecting the self in a way that leads to an expectation of positive future outcomes

Answer 35

Optimistic explanatory style

Question 36

The belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes

Answer 36

Self efficacy

Question 37

our attempts to predict the future events will make us feel

Answer 37

Affective forecasting