Chapter 2 Flashcards
The ability to connect stimuli with responses
Conditioning
The principal that experiences that are followed by positive emotions are likely to be repeated, whereas experiences that are followed by negative emotions are less likely to be repeated
Operant learning
When an object or event comes to be associated with a natural response, such as an automatic behavior, or a positive or negative emotion
Associational behavior
People learn by observing the behavior of others
Observational learning
Knowledge representations that include information about a person, group, or situation
Schema
The part of the brain that lies in front of the motor areas of the cortex, and that helps us remember the characteristics and actions of other people, plan complex social behaviors, and coordinate our behaviors with those of others
Prefrontal cortex
When existing schemas change on the basis of new information
Accommodation
A process in which our existing knowledge influences new conflicting information it’s a better fit with our existing knowledge, that’s reducing the likelihood of schema change
Assimilation
The tendency for people to seek out and favorite information that confirms their expectations and beliefs
Confirmation bias
A process that occurs when our expectations about others lead us to behave toward those others in a way that makes our expectations come true
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Thinking that occurs out of our awareness, quickly, and without taking much effort
Automatic cognition
When we deliberately size up and think about something, for instance, another person
Controlled cognition
A technique in which information is temporarily brought into memory through exposure to situational events, which can then influence judgments entirely out of awareness
Priming
The likelihood that events occur across a large population
Base rate
When we base our judgments on information that seems to represent, or match, what we expect will happen, while ignoring more informative base rate information
Representativeness heuristic
The extent to which a schema is activated in memory, and that’s likely to be used in information processing
Cognitive accessibility
The tendency to make judgments of the frequency of an event, or the likelihood that an event will occur, on the basis of the ease with which the event can be retrieved from memory
Availability heuristic
The ease with which we can process information in our environments
Processing fluency
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people hold similar views to our own
False consensus bias
The tendency to assume that other share our cognitive and affective states
Projection bias
The tendency to think about events, according to what might have been
Counterfactual thinking
The accessibility of the initial information frequently prevent this adjustment from occurring-leading us to weigh initial information to heavily and thereby insufficiently move our judgment away from it
Anchoring and adjustment
A tendency to be overconfident in our own skills, abilities, and judgments
Overconfidence bias
A tendency to believe that positive outcomes are more likely to happen than negative ones, particularly in relation to ourselves versus others
Optimistic bias
