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Biochemistry > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

A segment of a DNA molecule that contains the information required
for the synthesis of a functional biological product, whether protein or RNA

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2
Q

________ are components of ribosomes, the complexes that carry out the synthesis of proteins.

A

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)

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3
Q

_________ are intermediaries, carrying information for the synthesis of a
protein from one or a few genes to a ribosome

A

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)

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4
Q

___________ adapter molecules that faithfully translate the information in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids

A

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

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5
Q

___________ and Nucleic Acids Have Characteristic Bases and Pentoses

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

A nucleotide has 3 characteristic, what are they?

A
  1. A nitrogenous base
  2. A pentose
  3. One or more phosphates
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7
Q

________ is a molecule without a phosphate group but has a nitrogenous base & pentose is what?

A

Nucleoside

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8
Q

The nitrogenous bases are derivatives of what two parent compounds?

A
  1. Pyrimidine
  2. Purine
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9
Q

Nucleobase is a ________ nitrogenous base

A

Heterocylic

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10
Q

The base of a nucleotide is joined covalently at _______ of pyrimidines & ______ of purines

A

N-1, N-9 & in pentose at C1 & in phosphate at C5

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11
Q

Both DNA & RNA both contain the purines bases such as _______ & _____

A

Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)

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12
Q

Both DNA & RNA contain the pyrimidines base _______

A

Cytosine (C)

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13
Q

Thymine is also a pyrimidine base but found in _____

A

DNA

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14
Q

Uracil is also a pyrimidine base but found in ______

A

RNA

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15
Q

2’-deoxy-D-ribose is the pentose for _______

A

DNA

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16
Q

D-ribose is the pentose for _____

A

RNA

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17
Q

Both DNA & RNA have pentose in a _________ form

A

β-furanose (closed five-membered ring) form

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18
Q

Both DNA & RNA have pentose in a _________ form

A

β-furanose (closed five-membered ring) form & they are “puckered”

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19
Q

Prime numbers distinguish _____________ numbering

A

sugar & base

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20
Q

Nucleobases are derivatives of _________ & ___________

A

Pyrimidine or purine

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21
Q

___________ Bonds Link Successive Nucleotides in Nucleic Acids

A

Phosphodiester

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22
Q

The successive nucleotides of both DNA and RNA are covalently linked
through phosphate-group “bridges,” in which the 5′-phosphate group of one
nucleotide unit is joined to the 3′-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide,
creating a ________________

A

phosphodiester linkage

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23
Q

The properties of nucleotide bases affect the 3-D structure of __________

A

Nucleic Acids

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24
Q

Nucleobases are planar structures which asborb UV light around __________

A

250-270nm

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25
Q

Nucleobases vary in polar groups which is based on their tautomeric form where you have to identify their ______ & _______

A

Hydrogen bond donors & acceptors

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26
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

Was a key to establishing
the three-dimensional structure of DNA and yielded clues to how genetic
information is encoded in DNA and passed from one generation to the next

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27
Q

What is chargaff rule?

A
  1. The base composition of DNA generally varies from one species to
    another.
  2. DNA specimens isolated from different tissues of the same species
    have the same base composition.
  3. The base composition of DNA in a given species does not change
    with an organism’s age, nutritional state, or changing environment.
  4. In all cellular DNAs, regardless of the species, the number of
    adenosine residues is equal to the number of thymidine residues (that
    is, A = T), and the number of guanosine residues is equal to the
    number of cytidine residues (G = C). From these relationships it
    follows that the sum of the purine residues equals the sum of the
    pyrimidine residues; that is, A + G = T + C.
28
Q

Describe DNA structure in a 2D sense

A

DNA molecules are helical, with two periodicities along their long axis, a primary one of 3.4 Å and a secondary one of 34 Å.

29
Q

Describe the 3D structure of DNA

A
  1. It consists of two helical DNA chains wound around the same axis to form a right-handed double helix
  2. The hydrophilic
    backbones of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups are on the
    outside of the double helix, facing the surrounding water.
  3. The furanose ring
    of each deoxyribose is in the C-2′ endo conformation.
  4. The purine and
    pyrimidine bases of both strands are stacked inside the double helix, with
    their hydrophobic and nearly planar ring structures very close together and
    perpendicular to the long axis.
30
Q

The offset pairing of the two DNA strands forms ________ & ________ groove

A

Major groove & minor groove

31
Q

G & C has ____ H-bonds & A & T has ____ H bonds

A

3,2

32
Q

DNA strands run ____________ to each other in a 3’, 5’, - phoshodiester

A

Antiparallel

33
Q

The two DNA strands are ______________ to each other

A

Complementary

34
Q

The DNA double helix is held together by ________ between complementarybase pairs

A

H bonds

35
Q

The double helix is primarily stabilized by ____________, which shield the negative charges of backbone phosphates, and by base-stacking interactions between complementary base pairs.

A

metal cations

36
Q

Base-stacking interactions between adjacent G≡C pairs are stronger than those between adjacent A=T pairs or adjacent pairs including all four bases. Because of this, DNA duplexes with higher G≡C content are more __________.

A

stable

37
Q

What is the equation verison of Chargaff rule?

A

A + G = C + T (A-U are base pairs in RNA)

38
Q

What is the equation verison of Chargaff rule?

A

A + G = C + T (A-U are base pairs in RNA) (purine pairs with pyrimidine)

39
Q

A-T and G-C base pair are_________ to helix axis

A

perpendicular

40
Q

In the watson & crick model of B form DNA it shows that the bases are stack on top of each other & that they are distance by _____ angstroms & the strands are _____ angrtsom long with a heical turn of _____ angstrom

A

3.4, 20, 10.5

41
Q

__________________ of DNA Strands allows each strand to serve as a template for the synthesis of new strands

A

Complementarity

42
Q

Pyrimidines are generally restricted to the _______________ because of steric interference between the sugar and the carbonyl oxygen at C-2 of the pyrimidine

A

anti-conformation

43
Q

The Watson & crick structure of DNA is referred to as _________ DNA

A

B-Form DNA (most stable form of DNA)

44
Q

What are the 3 forms of DNA?

A

A form, B form, Z form

45
Q

A common type of DNA sequence is a _____________

A

palindrome

46
Q

A _____________ is a word, phrase, or sentence that is spelled identically when read either forward or backward; two examples are ROTATOR and NURSES RUN

A

palindrome

47
Q

In DNA palindrome is a term applied to regions of DNA with _________, such that an inverted, self-complementary sequence in one strand is repeated in the opposite orientation in the paired strand

A

inverted repeats

48
Q

The self-complementarity within each strand confers the potential to form __________ or cruciform (cross-shaped) structures

A

hairpin

49
Q

Mirror repeat

A

When the inverted repeat
occurs within each individual strand of the DNA

50
Q

____________ do not have complementary sequences within the same strand and thus cannot form hairpin or cruciform structures

A

Mirror repeats

51
Q

Messenger RNAs Code for _______________ Chains

A

Polypeptide

52
Q

In eukaryotes, most mRNAs are _______________

A

monocistronic

53
Q

Monocistronic mRNA

A

Carries the code for only one polypeptide

54
Q

Double helical DNA & RNA can be ______________-

A

Denatured

55
Q

DNA ______________ occurs when hydrogen bonds are broken and strands separate

A

Denaturation

56
Q

During DNA denaturation the genetic doe remains intact & base stacking is lost, UV absorbance _________ due to the hyperchromic effect

A

Increase

57
Q

DNA denaturation is induced by _______________________

A

high temperatures or pH

58
Q

Denaturation of a double-stranded
nucleic acid produces the opposite result: an increase in absorption which is called the ____________ effect

A

Hyperchromic

59
Q

__________________ is the process where a denature DNA reforms to its double stranded DNA

A

Annealing

60
Q

What is the process of annealing?

A

Seperated strand of DNA are associated by base pairs to form a partially denature DNA into a double helical DNA

61
Q

The midpoint of melting (Tm) depends on base _______________ & DNA length (longer DNA higher Tm), & on pH & ionic strength (high salt increase Tm)

A

Composition (high CG increases Tm)

62
Q

At rich regions ______ at a lower temp than GC rich regions

A

Melt

63
Q

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Undergo ____________________

A

Nonenzymatic Transformations

64
Q

Mutations

A

Alterations in DNA structure that produce permanent changes in the genetic information encoded

65
Q

Deamination

A

Nucleotide bases undergo spontaneous loss of their exocyclic
amino groups

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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