Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > chapter 14 pt 2 > Flashcards

chapter 14 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic degradation of glucose to obtain energy conserved as ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In glycolysis the 1st phase (1st five steps) are called the ________________ phase

A

preparatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the first 3 steps of glycolysis ATP is the _______________ group donor

A

Phosphoryl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

All sugars in glycolysis are _____ isomers

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The 2nd phase (last 5 steps) is known as the ___________ phase

A

Payoff phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical transformations that occur in glycolysis?

A
  1. Degradation of the carbon skeleton on glucose to make pyruvate
  2. Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP by compounds with high phosphoryl group transfer potential
  3. Transfer of a hydride ion to NAD+ forming NADH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

One of the routes for pyruvate is the reduction to ____________ via lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When we work out our contracting skeletal muscle must function in anaerobic conditions, NADH can’t be re-oxidized to NAD+ but NAD+ is needed for further oxidation of pyruvate in glycolysis so under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is reduced to lactate to accept electrons from NADH to regenerate the ________ needed for glycolysis

A

NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Also under ____________ conditions pyruvate can be converted to ethanol & CO2 by ethanol fermentation

A

anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate is ____________

A

Exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The formation of ATP from ADP & Pi in glycolysis is ____________

A

Endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The preparatory phase of glycolysis requires ________

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_______ shields the negative charges of the phosphoryl group in ATP making the terminal phosphorus atom an easier target for nucleophilic attack

A

Mg2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate is an _________

A

Aldose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The aldolase cleavage reaction in step 4 cleaves where?

A

By the alpha & beta carbon position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does glucose 6 phosphates convert into fructose 6 phosphate?

A

Because fructose 6 phosphate is energetically more favorable since when its cleaved it forms 2 3 carbon molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fructose 6 phosphate is a __________

A

Ketose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bisphosphates

A

Compounds that contain two phosphate (or phosphoryl groups) attached at different positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The 3rd step in glycolysis is the _____________ step

A

First committed step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a _______

A

Aldose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is a _______

A

Ketose

22
Q

In the aldose cleavage of molecules one of the products is reduced (gains an H) & the other is oxidized so its OH turns into ______

A

C=O

23
Q

The formation of glucose 6 phosphates to fructose 6 phosphate is needed because when fructose 6 phosphate turns into fructose ,6 bisphosphate it cleaves to form 2 3 carbon molecules which is __________ more favorable

A

energetically

24
Q

The payoff phase of glycolysis yields ________ & ________

A

ATP & NADH

25
Q

One molecule of glucose yields 2 molecules of ________________ for the payoff phase (both follow the same pathway)

A

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

26
Q

Even though the reaction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is unfavorable it continues to occur rapidly because once glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is made from dihydroxyacetone phosphate is instantly _______________ to keep the reaction occurring

A

Removed

27
Q

The 6th step of glycolysis is the 1st ___________ conserving reaction of glycolysis

A

Energy

28
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP by phosphoryl group transfer from a substrate such as 1,3-BPG reacting with ADP to form 3-phosphoglycerate & ATP

29
Q

Glycolysis would stop if the NADH formed in step 6 wasn’t continuously ____________

A

Reoxidized to NAD+

30
Q

In step 6 the formation of 1,3 BP6 can be thought of as 2 steps where the 2 steps are linked by the formation of an energy-rich ______________________ in the active site if glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase to decrease the activation energy to make the reaction more favorable

A

Thioester intermediate

31
Q

Step 7 is the 1st production of _____

A

ATP

32
Q

Rapidly growing tumors obtain ATP by metabolizing glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen, a process termed aerobic glycolysis, what is this effect called?

A

Warburg effect

33
Q

______________ glycolysis generates lactate acid, which acidifies the environment & may allow further tumor growth

A

Aerobic

34
Q

Because tumors can grow faster than blood vessels, ____________ glycolysis alow growth in the absence of oxygen

A

Aerobic

35
Q

Glycolysis mainly takes place in the _______

A

Cell

36
Q

Gluconeogenesis mainly takes place in the _________

A

Liver

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis is used to make ___________

A

“new glucose”

38
Q

The enzyme ___________________ is located in the mitochondria

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

39
Q

___________ is required for Gluceonegensis

A

NADH, Gluceonegensis whole purpose is to make NADH

40
Q

The __________ reaction of gluconeogenesis is oxaloacetate reacting with PEP carboxyase to form PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate)

A

2nd bypass

41
Q

The _______________ reaction in gluconeogenesis is pyruvate reacting with pyruvate carboxylase to form oxaloacetate

A

1st bypass

42
Q

_________ is produced by active skeletal muscle cells that undergo fermentation, it then moves into live cells & its transformed into pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase

A

Lactate

43
Q

_________ is produced from the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue, it then enters the blood streams & travels to the hepatocytes where it converts into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

A

Glycerol

44
Q

___________ are obtained from the hydrolysis of protein in our food, under starvation condition we can obtain amino acids from the breakdown of protein in our skeletal muscle tissue, some amino acids are converted into pyruvate while other are transformed into DHAP molecules to make glucose

A

Amino acids

45
Q

Glycolysis

A

A process by which cells can extract a limited amount of energy from glucose

46
Q

Fermentation

A

A process by which cells can continue using
glycolysis to extract energy in anaerobic conditions

47
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

A process by which cells can use a variety of
metabolites for the synthesis of glucose

48
Q

The difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is what?

A
  1. How they are both made thermodynamically favorable
  2. How they are differentially regulated to avoid a futile cycle
49
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway

A

A process by which cells can
generate pentose phosphates and NADPH. The pentose phosphates can be regenerated into glucose-6-phosphate,
which requires no ATP.

50
Q

Brain, nervous system, and red blood cells generate ATP ONLY from _________

A

glucose

Biochemistry (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions