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Biochemistry > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

__________ pass through a series of membrane-bound enzymes

A

Electrons

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2
Q

__________________- used to designate a single electron equivalent transferred in an oxidation-reduction reaction

A

Reducing equivalent

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3
Q

Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) is _____________

A

Lipid -soluble

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4
Q

Important electron carriers are NAD+, NADP+ (which are water soluble cosubstrates & carry 2e-) & FAD & FMN coenzyme Q & they are ______________ cosubstrates & carry either 1 or 2e-

A

Lipid soluble

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5
Q

The carriers function in order of increasing reduction potential since elecrons flow from ______ to ________ electron potential

A

Low to high

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6
Q

The energy of electron transfer is conserved in a ________________

A

Proton gradient

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7
Q

What is the equation that relates delta G & electron potential

A

Dleta G =-nFdeltaE

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8
Q

What are the two components of the proton motive force?

A
  1. The chemical potential energy due to the difference in concentration of a chemical species H+ in the two regions separated by the membrane
  2. The electrical potential energy that results from the separation of charge when a proton moves across the membrane without a concentration
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9
Q

___________ carries cycle between oxidized & reduced forms

A

Electron

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10
Q

_____________ coupled to directional transport of H+ across the membrane H+ pumped by complexes

A

Electron transport

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11
Q

Generation of the electrochemical gradient for NADH yields ________ out & for FADH2 _____ out

A

10H+, 6H+

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12
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during _______________________

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

The formation of ROS is favored when what two conditions are met?

A
  1. Mitochondria are not making ATP & therefore have a large proton-motive force & a high QH2/Q ratio
  2. There is a high NADH/NAD+ ratio in the matrix or low O2
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14
Q

Electron flow is accomplished by protein transfer across the membrane producing both a chemical gradient & electrical gradient which produces the ___________ force which drives ATP synthesis

A

proton-motive

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15
Q

Proton motive is what ?

A

Chemical gradient + charge gradient

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16
Q

___________ are pumped across the membrane as electrons flow through the respiration chain

A

Protons

17
Q

_____________ inhibits complex 2 so no electron transport means no H+ gradient which means no electron source for ATP synthase

A

Cyanide

18
Q

____________ inhibits ATP synthase so no H+ return to the matrix, H+ gradient too large for further pumping, no e- transport

A

Oligomycin

19
Q

____________________ allows electron transports without ATP synthesis & also allow passive transport of H+ or other ions which reduced the electrochemical gradient & electron transport but no ATP synthase

A

Uncouplers like DNP & FCCP

20
Q

Protons are pumped across the _______________ as electrons flow through the respiratory chain

A

Inner membrane

21
Q

The electron transport chain generated a proton gradient which is used to _______________

A

Synthesis ATP

22
Q

There is a connection between entry pont & ATP yield & NADH produce more ATP(2.5) because it enters _______________ whereas FAD2 produces 1.5 ATP because it enters ________________

A

Complex 1, complex 2

23
Q

The __________________ reduces substrates (fuel) donates electron & the electron carriers pump H+ out as electron flow to O2

A

mitochondria

24
Q

The energy of electron flow stored as ____________________ & ATP synthase uses electrochemical potential to synthesize ATP

A

mitochondria

25
Q

Reduction potential is the affinity for electron higher E, higher affinity & electron are transferred from ______ to _________ E

A

Low to high

26
Q

For ______________ delta G need a positive delta E

A

negative

27
Q

Although the ___________ in ATP synthase contains a bound ATP they don’t release it & they don’t actually participate in the reaction

A

alpha subunit

28
Q

The _________________ however can bind the ADP & Pi reactant, synthesize the ATP & release them into the matrix & at any given moment the beta subunit can exist

A

beta subunit

29
Q

The beta subunit can exist which 3 ways?

A
  1. T state (tense state) the ADP & Pi are brought close so that they can be combined to form the ATP
  2. O state (open state) the formed ATP is released & a now ADP /Pi set can bind
  3. L state (loose state) the bound ATP & Pi are trapped & can’t leave
30
Q

A rotation of the ______________ of 120 degrees in the counterclockwise direction converts the beta subunit in the tenses state into the open state which releases the beta subunit & allows it to release the ATP

A

y subunit

31
Q

Once the ATP is released a new set of ADP/Pi will enter the open Beta subunit & another 120 degree in the counterclockwise direction will lock the reactant in by converting the open state into a _______________ (binding -change mechanism)

A

loose state

32
Q

The ____________ is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes

A

Mitochondria

33
Q

The culmination of aerobic cell respiration is ____________________ along the electron transport chain. The NADH molecules formed via glycolysis & the NADH & FADH2 molecules formed in the citric acid cycle are used to reduce oxygen & generate high-energy ATP molecules

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

The elctron transport chain is a series of proteins that received the high energy from NADH & FADH2 moelces c& move those electrons along the ______________ onto the find electron acceptor which is oxygen. In the process, a proton gradient is established that is then used to create ATP molecules via activity of then esyme ATP synthase

A

Inner memebrane

35
Q

The movement of electrons stimulates the movement of _____ ions out of the matric & into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. This establishes an electric potential difference between the two sides

A

H+

36
Q

__________ generates the ATP molecules & was the proton motive force to release the ATP molecules into the matric of the mitochondria

A

ATP synthase

37
Q

The structure of ATP sythase consist of what 2 major regions?

A
  1. F0 region
  2. F1 region
38
Q

Describe the F1 region

A

This region is in the matrix of the mitochondria & is made up of 5 types of polypeptide chains alpha, beta, gamma, E & S chain

39
Q

Threee alpha & 3 beta combine to form a hexamer alpha3beta3 ring structure that will be responsible for catalyzing the _________________

A

synthesis of ATP

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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