Chapter 19 Flashcards
__________ pass through a series of membrane-bound enzymes
Electrons
__________________- used to designate a single electron equivalent transferred in an oxidation-reduction reaction
Reducing equivalent
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) is _____________
Lipid -soluble
Important electron carriers are NAD+, NADP+ (which are water soluble cosubstrates & carry 2e-) & FAD & FMN coenzyme Q & they are ______________ cosubstrates & carry either 1 or 2e-
Lipid soluble
The carriers function in order of increasing reduction potential since elecrons flow from ______ to ________ electron potential
Low to high
The energy of electron transfer is conserved in a ________________
Proton gradient
What is the equation that relates delta G & electron potential
Dleta G =-nFdeltaE
What are the two components of the proton motive force?
- The chemical potential energy due to the difference in concentration of a chemical species H+ in the two regions separated by the membrane
- The electrical potential energy that results from the separation of charge when a proton moves across the membrane without a concentration
___________ carries cycle between oxidized & reduced forms
Electron
_____________ coupled to directional transport of H+ across the membrane H+ pumped by complexes
Electron transport
Generation of the electrochemical gradient for NADH yields ________ out & for FADH2 _____ out
10H+, 6H+
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during _______________________
Oxidative phosphorylation
The formation of ROS is favored when what two conditions are met?
- Mitochondria are not making ATP & therefore have a large proton-motive force & a high QH2/Q ratio
- There is a high NADH/NAD+ ratio in the matrix or low O2
Electron flow is accomplished by protein transfer across the membrane producing both a chemical gradient & electrical gradient which produces the ___________ force which drives ATP synthesis
proton-motive
Proton motive is what ?
Chemical gradient + charge gradient
___________ are pumped across the membrane as electrons flow through the respiration chain
Protons
_____________ inhibits complex 2 so no electron transport means no H+ gradient which means no electron source for ATP synthase
Cyanide
____________ inhibits ATP synthase so no H+ return to the matrix, H+ gradient too large for further pumping, no e- transport
Oligomycin
____________________ allows electron transports without ATP synthesis & also allow passive transport of H+ or other ions which reduced the electrochemical gradient & electron transport but no ATP synthase
Uncouplers like DNP & FCCP
Protons are pumped across the _______________ as electrons flow through the respiratory chain
Inner membrane
The electron transport chain generated a proton gradient which is used to _______________
Synthesis ATP
There is a connection between entry pont & ATP yield & NADH produce more ATP(2.5) because it enters _______________ whereas FAD2 produces 1.5 ATP because it enters ________________
Complex 1, complex 2
The __________________ reduces substrates (fuel) donates electron & the electron carriers pump H+ out as electron flow to O2
mitochondria
The energy of electron flow stored as ____________________ & ATP synthase uses electrochemical potential to synthesize ATP
mitochondria
Reduction potential is the affinity for electron higher E, higher affinity & electron are transferred from ______ to _________ E
Low to high
For ______________ delta G need a positive delta E
negative
Although the ___________ in ATP synthase contains a bound ATP they don’t release it & they don’t actually participate in the reaction
alpha subunit
The _________________ however can bind the ADP & Pi reactant, synthesize the ATP & release them into the matrix & at any given moment the beta subunit can exist
beta subunit
The beta subunit can exist which 3 ways?
- T state (tense state) the ADP & Pi are brought close so that they can be combined to form the ATP
- O state (open state) the formed ATP is released & a now ADP /Pi set can bind
- L state (loose state) the bound ATP & Pi are trapped & can’t leave
A rotation of the ______________ of 120 degrees in the counterclockwise direction converts the beta subunit in the tenses state into the open state which releases the beta subunit & allows it to release the ATP
y subunit
Once the ATP is released a new set of ADP/Pi will enter the open Beta subunit & another 120 degree in the counterclockwise direction will lock the reactant in by converting the open state into a _______________ (binding -change mechanism)
loose state
The ____________ is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes
Mitochondria
The culmination of aerobic cell respiration is ____________________ along the electron transport chain. The NADH molecules formed via glycolysis & the NADH & FADH2 molecules formed in the citric acid cycle are used to reduce oxygen & generate high-energy ATP molecules
Oxidative phosphorylation
The elctron transport chain is a series of proteins that received the high energy from NADH & FADH2 moelces c& move those electrons along the ______________ onto the find electron acceptor which is oxygen. In the process, a proton gradient is established that is then used to create ATP molecules via activity of then esyme ATP synthase
Inner memebrane
The movement of electrons stimulates the movement of _____ ions out of the matric & into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. This establishes an electric potential difference between the two sides
H+
__________ generates the ATP molecules & was the proton motive force to release the ATP molecules into the matric of the mitochondria
ATP synthase
The structure of ATP sythase consist of what 2 major regions?
- F0 region
- F1 region
Describe the F1 region
This region is in the matrix of the mitochondria & is made up of 5 types of polypeptide chains alpha, beta, gamma, E & S chain
Threee alpha & 3 beta combine to form a hexamer alpha3beta3 ring structure that will be responsible for catalyzing the _________________
synthesis of ATP
