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Biochemistry > chapter 7 pt 1 > Flashcards

chapter 7 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is energy?

A

fuel for most organisms

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2
Q

-colorless, crystalline solids that are freely soluble in water due to many OH groups but insoluble in nonpolar solvents
-multiple asymmetric (chiral) carbons
-2^n stereoisomers
-general formula (CH2O)n

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

monosaccharides with two or more hydroxyl groups

A

aldehydes or ketones

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4
Q

two families of monosaccharides

A

aldoses & ketoses (usually at C2)

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5
Q

backbones of common monosaccharides

A

unbranched carbon chains where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds

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6
Q

describe open chain form of monosaccharides

A

one of the carbon atoms is double-bonded to an oxygen atom to form a carbonyl group; other carbon atoms have a hydroxyl group

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7
Q

when the carbonyl group is at an end of the carbon chain

A

the monosaccharide is an aldose

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8
Q

when the carbonyl group is at any other position (not the end)

A

the monosaccharide is a ketose

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9
Q

what are the simplest monosaccharides?

A

2 three-carbon trioses:
glyceraldehyde, an aldotriose, & dihydroxyacetone, a ketotriose

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10
Q

biological length of monosaccharides

A

3 to 9 carbons (5 & 6 most common) and unbranched

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11
Q

what does n equal in 2^n stereoisomers?

A

n = # of chiral carbons

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12
Q

monosaccharides with 4, 5, 6, & 7 carbon atoms in backbones are called

A

tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, and heptoses

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13
Q

hexoses of monosaccharides

A

aldohexose D-glucose, ketohexose D-fructose

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14
Q

components of nucleotides and nucleic acids

A

aldopentoses of D-ribose, 2 deoxy-D-ribose

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15
Q

what type of centers do monosaccharides have?

A

-asymmetric centers
-they contain one or more asymmetric (chiral) carbon atoms and occur in optically active isomeric forms

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16
Q

simplest aldose that contains one chiral center (middle carbon atom) and two different optical isomers

A

glyceraldehyde

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17
Q

two different optical isomers; mirror images of each other

A

enantiomers

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18
Q

when the hydroxyl group on the reference carbon is on the right (with the carbonyl carbon at the top) then the sugar is a ?

A

-D isomer
-Most organisms have D isomers

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19
Q
A

L-glyceraldehyde

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20
Q
A

D-glyceraldehyde

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21
Q

monosaccharide that has achiral carbon

A

dihydroxyacetone

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22
Q

differ in 1 or more chiral centers

A

diastereomers

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23
Q

differ at only 1 carbon

A

epimers

24
Q

what are glycoconjugates?

A

complex carbohydrate polymers covalently attached to proteins or lipids that act as signals that determine the intracellular destination or metabolic fate of these hybrid molecules

25
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis

26
Q

3 major classes of carbohydrates

A

-monosaccharides
-oligosaccharides
-polysaccharides

27
Q

-consists of short chains of monosaccharide units or residues joined by characteristic linkages called glycosidic bonds
-most common form is dissacharides - with two monosaccharide units

A

Oligosaccharides

28
Q

what suffix do common monosaccharides and disaccharides have?

A

common names ending with the suffix “-ose”

29
Q

sugar polymers containing more than 20 or so monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

30
Q

when the hydroxyl group is on the left then its an ?

A

L isomer

31
Q

Fischer projection of ?

A

D-glucose

32
Q

How are carbons numbered?

A

carbons of a sugar are numbered beginning at the end of the atom nearest the carbonyl group

33
Q

what types of structures do common monosaccharides have?

A

cyclic structures

34
Q

ring structure formation of monosaccharides usually form derivatives called

A

hemiacetals or hemiketals

35
Q

what are hemiketals?

A

addition to a ketose

36
Q

what are hemiacetals?

A

addition to an aldose

37
Q

what bond is formed in a hemiacetal or hemiketal?

A

glycosidic linkage

38
Q

what acetal or ketal is formed when the two molecules that react are monosaccharides?

A

disaccharide

39
Q

isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in their configuration about the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom are called

A

anomers (carbonyl carbon atom is called anomeric carbon)

40
Q

six membered ring compounds

A

pyranoses

41
Q

stereoisomeric configurations (used for Haworth projection)

A

alpha, beta

42
Q

what type of monosaccharide is pyranose?

A

aldose

43
Q

what type of monosaccharide is furanose?

A

ketose

44
Q

cyclization of glucose & fructose & alcohol & carbonyl forms a ?

A

cyclic hemiacetal

45
Q

alpha and beta anomers interconverting in solution due to spontaneous reversible ring opening/ closing (either alpha or beta configuration at C1)

A

mutarotation

46
Q

if the OH on C1 is on top, then its ?

A

beta

47
Q

if the OH on C1 is down, then its ?

A

alpha

48
Q

When drawing the Haworth projection, anything to the left is drawn ____ and anything to the right is drawn ______

A

up; down

49
Q

the terminal in the Haworth projection, CH2OH, is up for _____ isomers and down for ______ isomers

A

D; L

50
Q

Monosaccharides are _____ agents

A

reducing

51
Q

Monosaccharides can be oxidized by relatively mild oxidizing agents such _____ ion (carbonyl group is oxidized to a carboxyl group)

A

cupric (Cu 3+)

52
Q

sugars capable of reducing cupric ions (such as glucose)

A

reducing sugars

53
Q

Disaccharides contain a _____ bond

A

glycosidic

54
Q

Disaccharides consist of two monosacchraides formed covalently by an ____

A

O-glycosidic bond

55
Q

How is an O-glycosidic bond formed?

A

when a hydroxyl group of one sugar molecule reacts with the anomeric carbon of the other (forms a glycoside0 (C1-C4 bonds)

56
Q

important Hexose derivatives:
Glc =
Fru =
Gal =
Man =
Rib =
Xyl =
GlcN =
GlcNAc =
GalN =
GalNAc =
GlcA =
GlcUA =

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
mannose
ribose
xylose
glucosamine
N-acetylglucosamine
galactosamine
N-acetylgalactosamine
gluconic acid
glucuronic acid

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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