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Biochemistry > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major pathways of glucose?

A
  1. Use in the synthesis of polysaccharides
  2. Stores in cells
  3. Oxicdized to a 3-carbon compound via glycolysis
  4. Oxidized via the pentose phosphate
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2
Q

In glycolysis

A

A molecule of glucose is degraded in a series of enzyme - catalyzed reaction to yield two molecules of the 3 carbon compounds pyruvate

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3
Q

Fermentation

A

Is the term for anaerobic degradation of glucose or other organic nutrients to obtain energy conserved as ATP

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4
Q

The 1st 5 steps is called the _____________

A

preparatory phase which is the phosphorylation of glucose & its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

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5
Q

The last 5 steps in glycolysis is called what?

A

Payoff phase which is the oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate & the coupled formation of ATP & NADH

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6
Q

The preparatory phase of glycolysis requires _______

A

ATP

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7
Q

Phosporylation of glucose is the ______ step of glycolysis where glucose is activated for subsequent reaction by its phosphorylation at C6 to yield glucose 6-phosphate with ATP as the phosphoryl donor

A

1st

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8
Q

The 1st step is catalyzed by ________

A

Hexokinase

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9
Q

________ shields the negative charges of the phosphoryl group in ATP making the terminal phosphorous atom an easier target for nucleophilic attack by an -OH of glucose

A

Mg2+

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10
Q

Induced fit in hexokinase (HK)

A

Order substrate binding prevents unwanted ATP hydrolysis

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11
Q

HK & glucose leads to a conformation change which leads to the formation of ______ binding site which leads to the HK-glucose- ATP complex which leads to P transfer to given GGP & ADP

A

ATP

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12
Q

Isozymes

A

Two or more enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded by different genes

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13
Q

The _____ step in glycolysis is the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate into fructose 6 - phosphate

A

2nd

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14
Q

In the 2nd step the enzyme ___________________ catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate which is an aldose to fructose 6-phosphate (which is a ketose)

A

phosphohexose isomerase

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15
Q

The ____ step of glycolysis is the phosphorylation of fructose 6 - phosphate to fructose 1,6 - Bisphopshate

A

3rd

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16
Q

_________________ catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP to fructose 6 - phosphate to make fructose 1,6- bisphosphate (irreversible)

A

Phosphofructokinase - 1 (PFK-1)

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17
Q

Bisphosphate

A

Are compounds that contain 2 phosphate or phosphoryl groups attached at different positions in the molecule

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18
Q

_______________ catalyze the 3rd step reaction

A

PFK-1

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19
Q

Which step in glycolysis is the first committed step in the reaction?

A

The 3rd step is the first committed step iin the reaction

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20
Q

The _______ step in glycolysis is the cleavage of fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate

A

4th

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21
Q

The enzyme ___________ catalyzes the 4th step which is a reversible aldol condensation

A

Aldolase

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22
Q

In the 4th step fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved to yield two different triose phosphate which are what?

A
  1. Glyceraldeehyde 3- phosphate(an aldose)
  2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose)
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23
Q

The ______ step of glycolysis is the interconversion of the triose phosphate

A

5th

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24
Q

In the 5th step of glycolysis what happens to the two phosphate groups?

A

Only glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is degraded & dihydroxyacetone phosphate is rapidly & reversibly converted to glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate by the 5th enzyme

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25
Q

What enzyme is used to catalyzethe 5th step in glycolysis?

A

Triose phosphate isomerase

26
Q

At the end of the first phase of glycolysis what has happened?

A

The hexose molecule has been phosphorylated at C-1 & C-6 & then cleaved to form two molecules of glyceraldheyde 3- phosphate

27
Q

The payoff phase of glycolysis (the 2nd phase) yields what?

A

ATP & NADH

28
Q

In the first phase of glycolysis, one molecule of glucose yields two molecules of _____________________ & both halves of the glucose molecule follow the same pathway in the second phase of glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

29
Q

The _____ step of glycolysis (which is the 1srt step in the payoff phase) is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3bisphosphoglcerate

A

6th

30
Q

What is the enzyme used in the 6th step to catalyze the reaction?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3- dehydrogenase

31
Q

The 6th step is the first ______________ reaction of glycolysis

A

Energy conserving

32
Q

In the 6th step in the oxidation of the substrate energy is conserved as what?

A

2 electrons on NADH & acyl phosphate group of product (used to make ATP in the next reaction)

33
Q

The aldehyde group of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized to a carboxylic acid anhydride with phosphoric acid and its called _______________

A

Acyl phosphate

34
Q

The formation of 1,3-BPG can be thought of as occurring in what two steps?

A
  1. The highly favorable oxidation of GAP to an acid (∆Go’ = - 50Kcal/mol)
  2. The highly unfavorable formation of 1,3-BPG from the acid (∆Go’ = 50Kcal/mol)
35
Q

The two reaction in the formation of 1,3 BPG are linked by the formation of an energy - rich ___________ intermediate in the active site of gluceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase

A

thioester

36
Q

The ______ step of glycolysis is the phosphoryl transfer from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP

A

7th step (first production of ATP)

37
Q

What happens in the 7th step?

A

Its enzyme transfers the high energy phosphoryl group from the carboxy group of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP from ATP & 3-phosphoglycerate

38
Q

What is the enzyme used in the 7th step?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

39
Q

In the 7th step substrate - level phosphorylation occurs where what happens?

A

The formation of ATP by phosphoryl group transfer from a substrate such as 1,3-BPG

40
Q

The formation of ATP by phosphoryl group transfer from a substrate such as 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate or PEP is referred to as what?

A

Substrate- level phosphorylation

41
Q

The ____ step is the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phoshoglycerate

A

8Th

42
Q

What is the enzyme used in the 8th step?

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

43
Q

Step ____ is the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

A

9th

44
Q

What enzyme is used in step 9?

A

Enolase

45
Q

The ______ is the transfer of the phosphoryl group from PEP to ADP

A

10th

46
Q

What is the enzyme used in the 10th step?

A

Pyruvate kinase (which requires K+ & either Mg2+ or Mn2+)

47
Q

At the end of glycolysis how many ATP molecules are there?

A

2 ATP

48
Q

Pyruvate Tautomerization drives _____ production

A

ATP

49
Q

Even thought glycolysis has two part to it, it can be broken down into ___ stages

A

3

50
Q

Stage 1 of glycolysis (step 1,2,&3) it traps _______ in the cell & destabilizes its structure

A

Glucose

51
Q

In stage 2 of glycolysis (step 4 & 5) it breaks down the _____________ into smaller components

A

Glucose

52
Q

In stage 3 of glycolysis (step 6,7,8,9,& 10) it harvest the energy to form _______ molecule & pyruvates

A

ATP

53
Q

G6P happens so it can become more ______ so that it can become trap in the cell

A

Polar

54
Q

In stage 3 of glycolysis, it aims to harvest the energy in glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to form _____, NADH, & pyruvate molecules

A

ATP

55
Q

In step 6 the enzyme that is used has a cysteine that is used to form a _____________ intermediate

A

thioester

56
Q

In the absence of the enzyme for step 6 the process in step 6 would occur via two reaction pathways, a redox followed by ________________ reaction

A

Dehydration

57
Q

The _____________ intermediate for step 6 is used to couple the oxidation redox reaction & dehydration reaction & decrease the activation energy to make the step more favorable

A

Thioester

58
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate turns into fructose 6 phosphate so that when its aldolase at the alpha-beta position it forms two separate ________ carbon molecules

A

3

59
Q

In step 7 the mutase enzyme moves the phosphoryl group form the ____ carbon into the 2nd carbon

A

3

60
Q

When glucose is broken down in glycolysis its overall an ______________ reaction

A

Exergonic

61
Q

Step 7 is the 1st production of ______ & step 10 is the 2nd production of ______

A

ATP

62
Q

Glycolysis is heavily regulated to ensure the proper use of nutrients & ensure production of _______ only when needed

A

ATP

Biochemistry (26 decks)

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