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Nazism - final > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the one thing Germans of all classes and political allegiances could agree on?

A

That the Treaty of Versailles was unjust.

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2
Q

How was the Treaty of Versailles viewed by most Germans?

A

As unjust, a dictated peace treaty, that denied Germany its rightful place as a great European power.

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3
Q

What was the common aim of every government between 1919 and 1933?

A

The revision of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

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4
Q

What was Gustav Stresemann’s approach to revising the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The pragmatic policy of fulfilment.

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5
Q

What was the policy of fulfilment?

A

Stresemann’s plan to cooperate with France, Great Britain, the USA, and Italy on reparations.

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6
Q

When was Gustav Stresemann foreign minister?

A

1923-1929

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7
Q

When was the Daws Plan?

A

1924

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8
Q

When did French and Belgian forces leave the Ruhr?

A

1925

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9
Q

Why did French and Belgium forces leave the Ruhr?

A

Because the Dawes Plan led to economic recovery and German began paying reparations again, making occupation unjustified.

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10
Q

When was the Locarno Pact?

A

1 December 1925

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11
Q

Why is it called the Locarno Pact?

A

The conference was held in the Swiss city of Locarno.

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12
Q

What is the Locarno Pact made up of?

A

It is the collective name of two other agreements:

  • The Rhineland Pact
  • Arbitration Treaties
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13
Q

What were the terms of the Rhineland Pact?

A
  • Germany, France, and Belgium promised to respect the western frontier as laid down in Versailles in 1919.
  • Germany agreed to keep its troops out of the Rhineland, another Versailles demand.
  • Britain and Italy promised to aid Germany, France, or Belgium, if any were attacked by each other.
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14
Q

What were the terms of the Arbitration Treaties?

A
  • Any dispute between Germany and France, Belgium, Poland, or Czechoslovakia was to be settled by a conciliation committee.
  • France agreed to make sure Germany did not break their agreement to resolve disputes via a committee.
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15
Q

Who was to settle any dispute over the western border following the Locarno Pact?

A

The league of Nations

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16
Q

Why was the Locarno Pact significant for the western border?

A

It was the first time Germany had recognised the western border imposed at Versailles.

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17
Q

What territory did Germany lose under the terms of Versailles that they accepted through the Locarno Pact?

A
  • The loss of Alsace-Lorraine to France.
  • Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium.
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18
Q

What was guaranteed not to happen again by signing the Locarno Pact?

A

For Germany it meant the occupation of the Ruhr could never be repeated.

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19
Q

When was the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr?

A

1923

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20
Q

What happened to the Rhineland after the Locarno Pact was agreed?

A

France withdrew its forces over the next five years.

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21
Q

When was the city of Cologne evacuated by the French?

A

1926

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22
Q

What was not recognised in the Locarno Pact?

A

The eastern border, leaving open the possibility of future revisions to it.

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23
Q

What did the Locarno Pact lead to for Germany in 1926?

A

They were accepted into the League of Nations.

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24
Q

When was Germany accepted into the League of Nations?

A

1926

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25
Q

When was Stresemann awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and what for?

A

1926; for his work in the Locarno Pact.

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26
Q

Who requested the conference that agreed to the Locarno Pact?

A

Germany

27
Q

How was the Locarno Pact viewed by the German right?

A

They attacked it, seeing it as Stresemann appeasing the Allies and giving too much away.

28
Q

When was the Treaty of Rapallo?

A

1922

29
Q

Who had negotiated the Treaty of Rapallo?

A

Walther Rathenau

30
Q

What were the 3 terms of the Treaty of Rapallo?

A
  • Germany and Russia resumed trade and economic cooperation.
  • All outstanding claims for reparations over war damage were dropped.
  • Germany was allowed to develop new weapons and train pilots in Russia, away from Allied scrutiny.
31
Q

What 2 things did the Treaty of Rapallo show the Allies?

A
  • That Germany intended to get around the disarmament terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
  • Germany refused to accept its eastern frontier with Poland which was implicit in the signing of the Rapallo treaty.
32
Q

When was the Treaty of Berlin?

A

April 1926

33
Q

What was the Treaty of Berlin?

A

A renewal of the Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and USSR.

34
Q

What did the Treaty of Berlin show about Stresemann’s intentions?

A

It showed that while he had accepted the western border in the Locarno Pact, he still aimed for revisions of the eastern border with Poland.

35
Q

What was the IMCC?

A

Inter-Allied Control Commission

36
Q

What was the aim of the IMCC?

A

Ensure Germany complied with the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, checking that existing weapons were destroyed and no new weapons were made.

37
Q

When was the IMCC created?

A

After 1919 under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

38
Q

What was Germany’s army limited to under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

100,000 men

39
Q

What was the German army not allowed to have under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Air force
  • Submarines and large battleships
40
Q

What happened to the Rhineland under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

It was demilitarised, meaning German fortifications were removed and no German troops were allowed in the area.

41
Q

How did the Allies ensure Germany complied with the military restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • They occupied the Rhineland.
  • They set up the IMCC to monitor Germany’s disarmament.
42
Q

How were the disarmament clauses viewed by Germans?

A

They were deeply resented, especially since the Allies maintained their own forces in the Rhineland.

43
Q

How did Germany get around the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The Treaty of Rapallo

44
Q

What did Germany agree with Spain?

A

They reached an arrangement whereby Germany could build submarines in Spain.

45
Q

What did Germany agree with Sweden?

A

They reached an arrangement whereby Germany could build tanks and artillery in Sweden.

46
Q

What did Germany’s military agreements with other countries ensure?

A

It did not provide them with a fully-functioning modern army, but it did ensure that Germany did not fall behind other powers in technological developments.

47
Q

Where were new Germany fortifications built after the ones in the Rhine were dismantled?

A

Along the Polish border.

48
Q

Who was Chief of the Army?

A

General von Seeckt

49
Q

How did General von Seeckt get around the limitations on soldiers placed on Germany?

A

He enrolled recruits for a short period of time in which they would receive intense training. This ensured that there was a reserve of highly trained men who called be called to the army at short notice.

50
Q

Other than creating a reserve army through short, intense training, what else did the army do to get around the disarmament?

A

Sponsored a number of paramilitary groups.

51
Q

Even though secret rearmament was driven by army commanders, what did politicians like Rathenau and Stresemann do?

A

They gave their tacit consent through turning a blind eye to the extent of military cooperation.

52
Q

When was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

1928

53
Q

Who was the Kellogg-Briand Pact between?

A

Germany and the USA and France.

54
Q

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

It was an agreement by the signatories to renounce the use of offensive wars to resolve disputes.

55
Q

Why might the Kellogg-Briand Pact not be considered effective?

A

It had symbolic importance, but it lacked any enforcement mechanism which limited its effectiveness.

56
Q

When was the end of allied occupation from German soil?

A

1930

57
Q

When were occupation forces withdrawn from Zone 1 of the Rhineland?

A

1926

58
Q

When was the IMCC dissolved?

A

1926

59
Q

When was the Young Plan agreed?

A

1929

60
Q

What did the Young Plan provide for?

A

It was a final settlement on the issue of reparations, and gave the Allies the confidence to withdraw any remaining occupying forces from the Rhineland.

61
Q

When were occupying forces withdrawn from Zone 2 of the Rhineland?

A

1929

62
Q

When were occupying forces withdrawn from Zone 3 of the Rhineland?

A

1930

63
Q

How early were occupation forces removed from the Rhineland?

A

They were all removed by 1930, five years ahead of the schedule set down by the Treaty of Versailles.

64
Q

When did Stresemann die?

A

1929

Nazism - final (21 decks)

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