Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 7: Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Light travels in straight lines until it encountered the _______, which causes light to bend in a process called _______. As the light enters the eye it is further modified by the _____, which is able to change is shape due to the _______ muscles. This process is called _________ and results in the projection of a focused image on the _______, where the photoreceptors are located.

A 
Cornea
Refraction
Lens
Ciliary
Accommodation
Retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensory neurons that detect light.

A

Photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 types of photoreceptors in the retina.

A

Rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rods and cones both release neurotransmitter molecules that control ______ _____, which synapse with them.

A

Bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bipolar cells connect with _______ _____, whose axons form the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The _____ are especially involved in the ________ visual system, which works in dim light and does not give rise to color perception. The _____ are especially involved in the _______ visual system, which requires more light but gives highly detailed vision, including color information in many species.

A

rods
scotopic
cones
photopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The visual system responds to changes in light. In rods, light particles are captured by the photopigment ________, causing the photoreceptor to _________ and release less neurotransmitter.

A

rhodopsin

hyperpolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The amount of light entering the eye is governed by the size of the _____ , which may be increased by drugs (such as belladonna, or “beautiful lady”) that block cholinergic transmission in the __________ nervous system.

A

pupil

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

By means of _______, the photoreceptors shift their range of responses to suit the available levels of light.

A

adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bipolar cells connect to _______ cells and produce _______ potentials.
Horizontal cells connect to _______ cells and produce _______ potentials.
Amacrine cells connect to _______ and _______ cells and produce potentials.
Ganglion cells connect to ______ cells and produce ______ potentials.

A

ganglion, graded
receptor, graded
bipolar, ganglion, action
brain, action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In humans, axons from the _____ retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the optic ______ . Axons from the _______ retina project to their own side of the brain

A

nasal
chiasm
temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Once they enter the brain, the axons of the retinal ganglion cell are called the optic _____ .

A

tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most axons carrying visual information from the eyes terminate at _____ the of the thalamus: _________ (color) layers and __________
(motion) layers.

A

LGN
parvocellular
magnocellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Axons from the LGN form a fiber tract called the optic ______ , which terminate(s) at the ______ visual cortex of the _______ cortex at the back of the brain.

A

radiations
primary
occipial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

V1 communicates with a variety of ________ areas and association areas,
forming two general streams or pathways: the ______ stream or “where”
pathway and the ______ stream or “what” pathway

A

secondary
dorsal
ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The where pathway or ______ stream involves regions of the _______ lobe .

A

dorsal

parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The what pathway or ______ stream involves regions of the _______ lobe .

A

ventral

temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Turning off the light in the center of the receptive fields of ___-center bipolar cells causes the receptor cells to release more neurotransmitter, which _______ the bipolar cells. Turning on the light in the center of the ___-center bipolar cells causes the receptor cells to release less neurotransmitter, which _______ the bipolar cells.

A

off, depolarizes

on, depolarizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bipolar cells release the neurotransmitter _______ , which always depolarizes _______ cells onto which they synapse.

A

glutamate

ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The receptive field of a ganglion cell and bipolar cell is ________—either on-center/off-surround or off-center/on-surround.

A

concentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Analysis of motion of visual objects occurs primarily in cortical area ___.

A

V5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The three dimensions of the color solid are _______, _______, and _______.

A

hue, light, and saturation

23
Q

The hypothesis proposed that the retina contained different receptors for each of three colors (red, green, and blue), acting like labeled lines for color information.

A

Trichromatic Theory

24
Q

This theory hypothesized that the perception of color was based on the values of three opposed pairs of colors: blue and yellow, green and red, and black and white.

A

Opponent-process theory

25
Q

A specialized retinal cell that contacts both bipolar cells and ganglion cells, and is especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina.

A

amacrine cell

26
Q

Reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments.

A

amblyopia

27
Q

An interneuron in the retina that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells

A

bipolar cell

28
Q

One of the muscles that control the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina.

A

ciliary muscle

29
Q

A cell in the visual cortex that responds best to a bar of a particular size and orientation anywhere within a particular area of the visual field.

A

complex cortical cell

30
Q

The transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed. It bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina.

A

cornea

31
Q

One of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements.

A

extraocular muscle

32
Q

The central portion of the retina, which is packed with the highest density of photoreceptors and is the center of our gaze.

A

fovea

33
Q

A specialized retinal cell that contacts both receptor cells and bipolar cells.

A

horizontal cell

34
Q

The circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil.

A

iris

35
Q

The part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex.

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

36
Q

The phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producing contrast at the edges of regions.

A

lateral inhibition

37
Q

A structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina.

A

lens

38
Q

Nearsightedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away.

A

myopia

39
Q

A retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field.

___-center bipolar cell

A

off-center bipolar cell

40
Q

A retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center, of the cell’s receptive field.

___-center ganglion cell

A

off-center ganglion cell

41
Q

Referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center inhibits the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround excites it.

___-center/___-surround

A

off-center/on-surround

42
Q

A retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field.

___-center bipolar cell

A

on-center bipolar cell

43
Q

A retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center, rather than the periphery, of the cell’s receptive field.

___-center ganglion cell

A

on-center ganglion cell

44
Q

Referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center excites the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround inhibits it.

___-center/___-surround

A

on-center/off-surround

45
Q

Spatial disorientation in which the patient is unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance.

A

optic ataxia

46
Q

The region of the retina that is devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cell axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there.

A

optic disc

47
Q

Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that terminate in the primary visual areas of the occipital cortex.

A

optic radiation

48
Q

The axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chiasm; most of these axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus.

A

optic tract

49
Q

A system in the retina that operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones.

A

photopic system

50
Q

The opening, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye.

A

pupil

51
Q

A system in the retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods.

A

scotopic system

52
Q

Also called bar detector or edge detector. A cell in the visual cortex that responds best to an edge or a bar that has a particular width, as well as a particular orientation and location in the visual field.

A

simple cortical cell

53
Q

The photopigment rhodopsin is composed of ______ and ______.

A

retinal and opsin

Behavioral Neuroscience (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions