Chapter 12: Psychopathology Flashcards
In psychiatry, an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning. Examples include emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affect, and slow and impoverished thought and speech.
negative symptom
In psychiatry, an abnormal behavioral state. Examples include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior.
positive symptom
A severe psychopathological disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions.
schizophrenia
A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses.
Commonly used to treat depression
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
The modern view is that schizophrenia is caused by the interaction of ______ factors and ______.
genetic
stress
Most patients with schizophrenia have enlarged _______ _______, especially the lateral ones.
cerebral ventricles
Cortical abnormalities in schizophrenia.
Thickening of corpus callosum
Loss of gray matter
Hypofrontality
Hippocampal cellular disorganization
Patients with scizophrenia shoe relatively less metabolic activity in the _____ _____ in comparison to their _____ _____.
frontal lobes
posterior lobes
The idea that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes.
Hypofrontality hypothesis
Any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors.
antipsychotic or neuroleptic
The idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine
dopamine hypothesis
The idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors
glutamate hypothesis
A delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine.
amphetamine psychosis
An antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism.
Atypical neuroleptic
An antipsychotic drug that replaced lobotomy as a treatment for schizophrenia.
Chlorpromazine
3 typical neuroleptics
Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine
Haloperidol
2 atypical neuroleptics
Clozapine
Risperidone
An antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors.
Typical neuroleptic
The long-term motor problem associated with the use of many antipsychotic drugs
Tardive dyskinesia
Non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist.
Also called angel dust. An anesthetic agent that is also a psychedelic drug. PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment.
phencyclidine (PCP)
A dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.
ketamine
Depression that alternates with normal emotional states.
Unipolar depression
PET scans of depressed patients show increases in _____ _____ , suggesting greater activity, in the prefrontal cortex and the ______ compared to control subjects.
blood flow
amygdala
Depressed patients show: Decreased blood flow in \_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ cortex, and the anterior cingulate gyrus \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thinning Difficulty regulating \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_.
parietal
temporal
Cortical
stress hormones
A last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure.
electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
The drug class that inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
The drug class that inihibits the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine.
Tricyclics and heterocyclics
A drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia.
psychotomimetic
An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters.
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
A psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as an unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating.
Depression
A false belief that is strongly held in spite of contrary evidence.
Delusion
Any of a class of antianxiety drugs that are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system. One example is diazepam (Valium).
Benzodiazepine
A substance that is used to combat anxiety. Examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines.
Anxiolytic
Any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Anxiety disorder
Formerly called combat fatigue, war neurosis, or shell shock. A disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Patients with anxiety disorders may have ______ lobe and the _______ abnormalities.
temporal
amgydala
Benzodiapzepines boost _____-mediated postsynaptic inhibition.
GABA
Patients with PTSD may have smaller volume of their right ________.
hippocampus
A comprehensive view of PTSD emphasizes the contributions of three mechanisms: fear conditioning, extinction, and behavioral sensitization. Complete the following statements about this model of PTSD:
Persistence of memory and fear may depend on the failure of mechanisms to \_\_\_\_\_. The brain areas implicated in expression of fear and startle response are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and some \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathways. PTSD sufferers demonstrate long-term reduction in levels of the stress hormone \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
forget
amygdala
brainstem
cortisol
Early PET studies revealed that people with OCD show increased activity in the ________ cortex and in the caudate nucleus.
orbitofrontal
Patients with Parkinson’s disease have motor impairments such as _____ and a slow gait.
They also may show a loss of ________ neurons in the basal ganglia.
Tremor
Patients with Huntington’s Disease have ______ motor activity.
They also have destruction of neurons in the caudate nucleus and _____ ______.
increased
basal ganglia
Patients with Alzheimer’s disease show:
Progressive impairment/loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and ________.
_________ tangles
___ protein plaques
Cellular ________
hippocampus
Neurofibrillary
Tau
disorganization
