Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development Flashcards
Patient H.M. suffered from uncontrollable seizures, leading to brain surgery in which the surgeons removed large portions of the anterior ______ lobe, including most of the hippocampus and ______, from both hemispheres of his brain.
temporal
amygdala
Difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia
Difficulty in forming new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder.
Anterograde amnesia
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience.
Learning
- The ability to retain information, based on the mental process of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time (consolidation), and retrieval or reactivation of the memory. 2. The specific information that is stored in the brain.
memory
2 types of learning
Nonassociative and associative
2 tpyes of nonassociaitve learning are habituation and _________.
2 types of associative leaning are classical and ________ conditioning.
sensitization
operant
2 types of long term memory
Declarative
Nondeclarative/Prrocedural
Declarative memory involves the hippocampus and medail _____ cortex.
temporal
A type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response. It includes both classical and instrumental conditioning.
associative learning
A group of forebrain nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They are crucial for skill learning.
basal ganglia
Generalized declarative memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word.
semantic memory
A neurotransmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, diffuses back across the synapse, and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron.
retrograde transmitter
The third process of the memory system, in which a stored memory is used by an organism.
retrieval
Also called autobiographical memory. Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place.
episodic memory
The process of learning to perform a challenging task simply by repeating it over and over.
skill learning
Heny Molaison did the ______-tracing task.
mirror
2 types of declarative memory
3 types of nondeclarative
episodic, sematic (cortex)
Skill learning(basal gagnglia, motor cortex, cerebellum), priming(cortex), conditioning (cerebellum)
A very brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene.
iconic memory
3 processes of learning
encoding, concolidation, retrieval
The first process in the memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory.
encoding
The second process in the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.
consolidation
Spiegler and Mishkin’s experimental task involving recognition of an object (in a pair of objects) that had been seen before is called the delayed non-matching-to-sample task. Their studies demonstrated that medial temporal lobe damage particularly impairs declarative memory in ________.
monkeys
Patient N.A. suffered damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and to both mammillary nucleus (nuclei) from an accident with a miniature swored. N.A. is profoundly amnesic, primarily for verbal learning. This ________is primarily anterograde in nature.
amnesia
Proposed that when a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron are repeatedly activated together, the connection will become stronger and stronger and more stable.
Hebb’s rule
Demonstrations of Plasticity Enriched environments – Mark Rosensweig Habituation in Aplysia –Eric Kandel Eyeblink conditioning – Richard Thomas Long-term potentiation (LTP) – Bliss and Lømo Monocular deprivation – Hubel and Wiesel Doogie mice – Tang et al. Neurogenesis – Elizabeth Gould
d
Enriched Environments Thicker cortices, especially in sensory areas Enhanced neurotransmitter activity Increased dendritic branching Larger synapses Increased neurogenesis Enhanced recovery from brain damage
a
