Chapter 13: Memory, Learning, and Development

Question 1

Patient H.M. suffered from uncontrollable seizures, leading to brain surgery in which the surgeons removed large portions of the anterior ______ lobe, including most of the hippocampus and ______, from both hemispheres of his brain.

Answer 1

temporal

amygdala

Question 2

Difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

Answer 2

Retrograde amnesia

Question 3

Difficulty in forming new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder.

Answer 3

Anterograde amnesia

Question 4

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience.

Answer 4

Learning

Question 5

1. The ability to retain information, based on the mental process of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time (consolidation), and retrieval or reactivation of the memory. 2. The specific information that is stored in the brain.

Answer 5

memory

Question 6

2 types of learning

Answer 6

Nonassociative and associative

Question 7

2 tpyes of nonassociaitve learning are habituation and _________.
2 types of associative leaning are classical and ________ conditioning.

Answer 7

sensitization

operant

Question 8

2 types of long term memory

Answer 8

Declarative

Nondeclarative/Prrocedural

Question 9

Declarative memory involves the hippocampus and medail _____ cortex.

Answer 9

temporal

Question 10

A type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response. It includes both classical and instrumental conditioning.

Answer 10

associative learning

Question 11

A group of forebrain nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They are crucial for skill learning.

Answer 11

basal ganglia

Question 12

Generalized declarative memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word.

Answer 12

semantic memory

Question 13

A neurotransmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, diffuses back across the synapse, and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron.

Answer 13

retrograde transmitter

Question 14

The third process of the memory system, in which a stored memory is used by an organism.

Answer 14

retrieval

Question 15

Also called autobiographical memory. Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place.

Answer 15

episodic memory

Question 16

The process of learning to perform a challenging task simply by repeating it over and over.

Answer 16

skill learning

Question 17

Heny Molaison did the ______-tracing task.

Answer 17

mirror

Question 18

2 types of declarative memory

3 types of nondeclarative

Answer 18

episodic, sematic (cortex)

Skill learning(basal gagnglia, motor cortex, cerebellum), priming(cortex), conditioning (cerebellum)

Question 19

A very brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene.

Answer 19

iconic memory

Question 20

3 processes of learning

Answer 20

encoding, concolidation, retrieval

Question 21

The first process in the memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory.

Answer 21

encoding

Question 22

The second process in the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory.

Answer 22

consolidation

Question 23

Spiegler and Mishkin’s experimental task involving recognition of an object (in a pair of objects) that had been seen before is called the delayed non-matching-to-sample task. Their studies demonstrated that medial temporal lobe damage particularly impairs declarative memory in ________.

Answer 23

monkeys

Question 24

Patient N.A. suffered damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and to both mammillary nucleus (nuclei) from an accident with a miniature swored. N.A. is profoundly amnesic, primarily for verbal learning. This ________is primarily anterograde in nature.

Answer 24

amnesia

Question 25

Proposed that when a presynaptic and a postsynaptic neuron are repeatedly activated together, the connection will become stronger and stronger and more stable.

Answer 25

Hebb’s rule

Question 26

Demonstrations of Plasticity

Enriched environments – Mark 
Rosensweig

Habituation in 
Aplysia
–Eric Kandel

Eyeblink conditioning – Richard Thomas

Long-term potentiation (LTP) – Bliss and 
Lømo

Monocular deprivation – Hubel and 
Wiesel

Doogie mice – Tang et al.

Neurogenesis – Elizabeth Gould

Answer 26

d

Question 27

Enriched Environments

Thicker cortices, especially in sensory 
areas

Enhanced neurotransmitter activity

Increased dendritic branching

Larger synapses

Increased neurogenesis

Enhanced recovery from brain damage

Answer 27

a