Chapter 7 - Theories of Behavior Change

Question 1

Construct

Answer 1

An abstract variable that serves to explain a concept, or acts as a link to explain the observed relations between independent and dependent va ria bles.

Question 2

Control group

Answer 2

A group or condition with which the effects of the experimental procedure or test condition are to be compared.

Question 3

Treatment group

Answer 3

A group or condition in which the subjects are assigned the experimental treatment

Question 4

Empirical

Answer 4

lnformation obtained from observation or measurement using experimentation.

Question 5

Intervention

Answer 5

An intervention is action taken or a treatment program developed to help someone change his or her behavior.

Question 6

Mediator

Answer 6

A mediator is a condition, state, or other factor that is presumed to intervene between the independent variable and the outcome

Question 7

Meta-analysis

Answer 7

A meta-analysis summarizes the results of several similar studies by combining results to generate an overall effect size

Question 8

Moderator

Answer 8

A moderator is a condition or variable that alters or changes the relationship between X and Y by affecting the strength or direction of the results of an intervention.

Question 9

Randomization

Answer 9

Randomization, or random assignment, is the random allocation of sampling units to conditions.

Question 10

Wait-list control groups

Answer 10

A control group in which the subjects wait to receive the experimental treatment until after it has been administered to and found effective in the experimental group.

Question 11

Theory

Answer 11

A framework that describes how and why behavior changes for a given population in a particular setting.

Question 12

The transtheoretical model

Answer 12

An integrative model that was developed using constructs from other known theories such as the social learning theory and the social cognitive theory. The TTM states that individuals’ behaviors are based on their readiness or stage of change.

Question 13

Precontemplation stage

Answer 13

The client is not intending to take action toward change and is not considering benefits of change at this time.

Question 14

Contemplation stage

Answer 14

The client is considering the negative consequences of their behavior and is considering changes within the next 6 months.

Question 15

Preparation stage

Answer 15

The client has developed a plan of action toward behavior change and will be making changes in the immediate future (next 30 days).

Question 16

Action stage

Answer 16

The client is actively making behavior changes (regularly active for less than 6 months).

Question 17

Maintenance stage

Answer 17

The client has been actively maintaining the changes made during the action stage, the new behaviors have been established for 6 months or more, and the client is now working to prevent relapse.

Question 18

Perceived susceptibility

Answer 18

Beliefs about the chances of getting a disease/condition if you do not exercise.

Question 19

Perceived severity

Answer 19

Beliefs about the seriousness/ consequences of disease/ condition as a result of inactivity

Question 20

Perceived benefits

Answer 20

Beliefs about the effectiveness of exercising to reduce susceptibility and/or severity

Question 21

Perceived barriers

Answer 21

Beliefs about the direct and indirect costs associated with exercise.

Question 22

Cues to action

Answer 22

Factors that activate the change process and get someone to start exercising.

Question 23

Self-efficacy

Answer 23

Confidence in someone’s ability to exercise.

Question 24

S in SMALL for goal setting

Answer 24

Self-selected. Your goals should be your own. Choose goals that fit into your life and only change behaviors that you are willing to negotiate.

Question 25

M in SMALL for goal setting

Answer 25

Measurable. Develop a concrete way to track your goal.

Question 26

A in SMALL for goal setting

Answer 26

Action-oriented. Having an action plan allows you to complete the steps needed to make your goals a reality.

Question 27

1st L in SMALL for goal setting

Answer 27

Linked to your life. Goals are best achieved if they work within your lifestyle and match your challenges and strengths.

Question 28

2nd L in SMALL for goal setting

Answer 28

Long-term. Because you want to be healthy for life, any changes you consider should be something you could see yourself doing for the rest of your life.

Question 29

Health Belief Model

Answer 29

Behavior change is predicted by one's feeling of susceptibility to health consequences, the perceived seriousness of the consequences, and the belief that making changes will reduce the risk.

Question 30

Theory of Plane Behavior

Answer 30

The intention to make behavior change leads to change. If a client has a positive attitude about change, feels that it is enjoyable, has feelings of controllability and self-efficacy, and recognizes that the social network values change, he or she will be more likely to change.

Question 31

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 31

Outcome expectations and self-efficacy are the most important factors to behavior change. The physical and social environment is key. One's skill set, reinforcement and incentives, coping skills, experiences, and thoughts and feelings determine change.

Question 32

Goal Setting Theory

Answer 32

Setting goals leads to behavior change. Particularly, setting goals that are specific, manageable, attainable, realistic, and time-specific lead to behavior-change success. Also important to change is self-efficacy, feedback, skill level, and the perceived importance of the goal.

Question 33

Small Changes Model

Answer 33

Behavior change is achieved through setting realistic, maintainable goals that are small, relative to baseline activity, and cumulative. Combines components such as goal setting, feedback, and self-monitoring to yield achievement of initial goals and increases in self- efficacy to further behavior change.

Question 34

Socioecological Theory

Answer 34

Behavior change is a result of not only the individual factors but also the social structure, environment, community, policy, and law.

Question 35

S in SMART goals

Answer 35

Specific

Question 36

M in SMART goals

Answer 36

Measurable

Question 37

A in SMART goals

Answer 37

Action-oriented

Question 38

R in SMART goals

Answer 38

Realistic

Question 39

T in SMART goals

Answer 39

Time-oriented

Question 40

Feedback

Answer 40

Two-way communication between two or more parties.

Question 41

Rapport

Answer 41

A sense of trust, respect, or confidence, which a client holds for his or her Personal Trainer.