Chapter 3 - Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards
Anatomical Position
The universally accepted reference of position that is used to describe where the human body is in reference to space.
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into right and left sides.
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Coronal Plane
The same as frontal plane. Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
Horizontal Plane
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
Cross-sectional Plane
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
Axial Plane
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
Kinesiology
The study of the mechanics of human movement.
The three fields of science that kinesiology is based on
Biomechanics, Musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology.
Center of Gravity
The theoretical point to which the weight force of an object acts.
Kinematics
Variation in height and horizontal distance
Anterior
The front of the body; ventral
Posterior
The back of the body; dorsal
Superficial
Located close to or on the body surface
Deep
Below the surface
Proximal
Closer to any reference point
Distal
Farther from any reference point
Superior
Toward the head; higher (cephalic)
Inferior
Away from the head; lower (caudal)
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; to the side
Ipsilateral
On the same side
Contralateral
On the opposite side
Unilateral
One side
Bilateral
Both sides
Prone
Lying face down
Supine
Lying face up
Valgus
Distal segment of a joint deviates laterally
Varus
Distal segment of a joint deviates medially
Arm
The region from the shoulder to elbow
Forearm
The region from the elbow to the wrist
Thigh
The region from the hip to the knee
Leg
The region from the knee to the ankle
The Line of Gravity
An imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity and is assessed when the person is standing usually.
Flexion
Movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane
Extension
Movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane
Abduction
lVlovement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
Horizontal Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90”
Horizontal Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90’
Internal Rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
External Rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body
Lateral Flexion
Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
Rotation
Right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
Elevation
Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane
Depression
Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane
Retraction
Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane
Protraction
Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane
Upward Rotation
Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
Downward Rotation
lnferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
Circumduction
A compound circular movement involving flexion, extensron, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape
Radial Deviation
Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
Ulnar Deviation
Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
Opposition
Diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit
Eversion
Abducting the ankle
Inversion
Adducting the ankle
Dorsiflexion
Flexing the ankle so the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
Plantar Flexion
Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
Pronation of the foot or ankle
Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot
Supination of the foot or ankle
Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot
Diaphysis
The main portion of a long bone
Epiphysis
The end portion of the bone
What covers the epiphysis?
Cartilage
Metaphysis
The region of mature bone where we see the diaphysis join each epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
The “growth plate” of the bone
Medullary cavity
The space inside the diaphysis
Endosteum
The lining of the medullary cavity
Periosteum
The membrane covering the surface of the bones
Cortical bones
The compact type of bone
Trabecular bones
The spongy type of bone
Joints
The articulations between the bones
Ligaments
Tough fibrous connective tissues that anchor bone to bone
Synarthrodial joints
These do not move. i.e. the sutures of the skull.
Amphiarthrodial joints
These do move slightly and are held together by the ligaments or fibrocartilage.
Suture
Tight union unique to the skull
Syndesmosis
lnterosseous membrane between bones
Gomphosis
Unique joint at the tooth socket
Primary Cartilaginous joints
Usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse
Secondary Cartilaginous joints
Strong, slightly movable joints
Synovial Plane joints
Gliding and sliding movements
Synovial Hinge joints
Uniaxial movements
Synovial Ellipsoidal joints
Biaxial joint
Synovial Saddle Joints
Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition
Synovial Ball-and-socket joints
Multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions
Synovial Pivot joints
Uniaxial joints that permit rotation
Synovial Bicondylar joints
Allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis
Joint stability
The resistance to displacment
How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
more than 600
Agonist muscle
The main muscle or group of muscles responsible for a movement.
Antagonist muscle
The opposing in muscle in a movement.
Synergist muscles
These muscles prevent unwanted movements and help the prime mover muscles work more efficiently.
Co-contraction
The simultaneous contraction of the agonist and antagonist.
Impingement syndrome
The most common non traumatic cause of shoulder pain caused from entrapment of the rotator cuff tendons.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
A shoulder condition related to faulty biomechanics, poor posture, and shoulder muscle imbalance.
Synovial membrane
Where the synovial fluid is produced.
Open Chain movements
Movements occurring when the distal segment of a joint moves in space.
Closed chain movements
Movements occurring when the distal segment of the joint is fixed in space.
Range of motion
The degree of movement within a joint.
Active range of motion
The range that can be reached by voluntary movement from contraction of skeletal muscle.
Passive range of motion
The ROM that can be achieved by external means
Hypermobile
Joints with excessive range of motion.
Hypomobile
Joints with restricted range of motion
Parallel skeletal muscle
The Muscle fibers run in line with the pull of the muscle.
Fusiform muscles
Fusiform muscles have a parallel arrangement and are spindle shaped, tapering at each end.
Longitudinal muscles
Strap-like and with parallel fibers.
Quadrate muscles
These are four sided and usually flat, consisting of parallel fibers.
Fan shaped muscles
These contain fibers that radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other.
Pennate muscles
These fibers run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull.
Unipennate muscles
Fibers are only on one side of the tendon in a pennate muscle.
Bipennate muscles
Fibers are on both sides of a central tendon in a pennate muscle.
Multipennate muscles
There are two or more fasiculi attaching obliquely and combined to one muscle in a pennate muscle.
Uniarticular muscles
A muscle that causes movement only at one joint.
Biarticular muscles
These muscles cross more than one joint and cause actions at both.
Muscles of the rotator cuff
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
This is a widespread cumulative trauma disorder that is caused by median nerve entrapment at the anterior wrist.
