Chapter 3 - Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical Position
A
The universally accepted reference of position that is used to describe where the human body is in reference to space.
2
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Divides the body into right and left sides.
3
Q
Frontal Plane
A
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
4
Q
Coronal Plane
A
The same as frontal plane. Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
5
Q
Transverse Plane
A
Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
6
Q
Horizontal Plane
A
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
7
Q
Cross-sectional Plane
A
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
8
Q
Axial Plane
A
Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.
9
Q
Kinesiology
A
The study of the mechanics of human movement.
10
Q
The three fields of science that kinesiology is based on
A
Biomechanics, Musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology.
11
Q
Center of Gravity
A
The theoretical point to which the weight force of an object acts.
12
Q
Kinematics
A
Variation in height and horizontal distance
13
Q
Anterior
A
The front of the body; ventral
14
Q
Posterior
A
The back of the body; dorsal
15
Q
Superficial
A
Located close to or on the body surface
16
Q
Deep
A
Below the surface
17
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to any reference point
18
Q
Distal
A
Farther from any reference point
19
Q
Superior
A
Toward the head; higher (cephalic)
20
Q
Inferior
A
Away from the head; lower (caudal)
21
Q
Medial
A
Toward the midline of the body
22
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the midline of the body; to the side
23
Q
Ipsilateral
A
On the same side
24
Q
Contralateral
A
On the opposite side
25
Unilateral
One side
26
Bilateral
Both sides
27
Prone
Lying face down
28
Supine
Lying face up
29
Valgus
Distal segment of a joint deviates laterally
30
Varus
Distal segment of a joint deviates medially
31
Arm
The region from the shoulder to elbow
32
Forearm
The region from the elbow to the wrist
33
Thigh
The region from the hip to the knee
34
Leg
The region from the knee to the ankle
35
The Line of Gravity
An imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity and is assessed when the person is standing usually.
36
Flexion
Movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane
37
Extension
Movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane
38
Abduction
lVlovement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
39
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane
40
Horizontal Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90"
41
Horizontal Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90'
42
Internal Rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body
43
External Rotation
Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body
44
Lateral Flexion
Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
45
Rotation
Right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement
46
Elevation
Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane
47
Depression
Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane
48
Retraction
Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane
49
Protraction
Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane
50
Upward Rotation
Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
51
Downward Rotation
lnferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane
52
Circumduction
A compound circular movement involving flexion, extensron, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape
53
Radial Deviation
Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
54
Ulnar Deviation
Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane
55
Opposition
Diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit
56
Eversion
Abducting the ankle
57
Inversion
Adducting the ankle
58
Dorsiflexion
Flexing the ankle so the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
59
Plantar Flexion
Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
60
Pronation of the foot or ankle
Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot
61
Supination of the foot or ankle
Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot
62
Diaphysis
The main portion of a long bone
63
Epiphysis
The end portion of the bone
64
What covers the epiphysis?
Cartilage
65
Metaphysis
The region of mature bone where we see the diaphysis join each epiphysis
66
Epiphyseal plate
The "growth plate" of the bone
67
Medullary cavity
The space inside the diaphysis
68
Endosteum
The lining of the medullary cavity
69
Periosteum
The membrane covering the surface of the bones
70
Cortical bones
The compact type of bone
71
Trabecular bones
The spongy type of bone
72
Joints
The articulations between the bones
73
Ligaments
Tough fibrous connective tissues that anchor bone to bone
74
Synarthrodial joints
These do not move. i.e. the sutures of the skull.
75
Amphiarthrodial joints
These do move slightly and are held together by the ligaments or fibrocartilage.
76
Suture
Tight union unique to the skull
77
Syndesmosis
lnterosseous membrane between bones
78
Gomphosis
Unique joint at the tooth socket
79
Primary Cartilaginous joints
Usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse
80
Secondary Cartilaginous joints
Strong, slightly movable joints
81
Synovial Plane joints
Gliding and sliding movements
82
Synovial Hinge joints
Uniaxial movements
83
Synovial Ellipsoidal joints
Biaxial joint
84
Synovial Saddle Joints
Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition
85
Synovial Ball-and-socket joints
Multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions
86
Synovial Pivot joints
Uniaxial joints that permit rotation
87
Synovial Bicondylar joints
Allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis
88
Joint stability
The resistance to displacment
89
How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
more than 600
90
Agonist muscle
The main muscle or group of muscles responsible for a movement.
91
Antagonist muscle
The opposing in muscle in a movement.
92
Synergist muscles
These muscles prevent unwanted movements and help the prime mover muscles work more efficiently.
93
Co-contraction
The simultaneous contraction of the agonist and antagonist.
94
Impingement syndrome
The most common non traumatic cause of shoulder pain caused from entrapment of the rotator cuff tendons.
95
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
A shoulder condition related to faulty biomechanics, poor posture, and shoulder muscle imbalance.
96
Synovial membrane
Where the synovial fluid is produced.
97
Open Chain movements
Movements occurring when the distal segment of a joint moves in space.
98
Closed chain movements
Movements occurring when the distal segment of the joint is fixed in space.
99
Range of motion
The degree of movement within a joint.
100
Active range of motion
The range that can be reached by voluntary movement from contraction of skeletal muscle.
101
Passive range of motion
The ROM that can be achieved by external means
102
Hypermobile
Joints with excessive range of motion.
103
Hypomobile
Joints with restricted range of motion
104
Parallel skeletal muscle
The Muscle fibers run in line with the pull of the muscle.
105
Fusiform muscles
Fusiform muscles have a parallel arrangement and are spindle shaped, tapering at each end.
106
Longitudinal muscles
Strap-like and with parallel fibers.
107
Quadrate muscles
These are four sided and usually flat, consisting of parallel fibers.
108
Fan shaped muscles
These contain fibers that radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other.
109
Pennate muscles
These fibers run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull.
110
Unipennate muscles
Fibers are only on one side of the tendon in a pennate muscle.
111
Bipennate muscles
Fibers are on both sides of a central tendon in a pennate muscle.
112
Multipennate muscles
There are two or more fasiculi attaching obliquely and combined to one muscle in a pennate muscle.
113
Uniarticular muscles
A muscle that causes movement only at one joint.
114
Biarticular muscles
These muscles cross more than one joint and cause actions at both.
115
Muscles of the rotator cuff
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
116
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
This is a widespread cumulative trauma disorder that is caused by median nerve entrapment at the anterior wrist.
