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GTA & ACSM study for PT > Chapter 3 - Anatomy and Kinesiology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Anatomy and Kinesiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Position

A

The universally accepted reference of position that is used to describe where the human body is in reference to space.

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2
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Divides the body into right and left sides.

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3
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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4
Q

Coronal Plane

A

The same as frontal plane. Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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5
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.

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6
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.

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7
Q

Cross-sectional Plane

A

Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.

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8
Q

Axial Plane

A

Another name for the transverse plane. Divides the body into superior and inferior positions.

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9
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of the mechanics of human movement.

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10
Q

The three fields of science that kinesiology is based on

A

Biomechanics, Musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology.

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11
Q

Center of Gravity

A

The theoretical point to which the weight force of an object acts.

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12
Q

Kinematics

A

Variation in height and horizontal distance

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13
Q

Anterior

A

The front of the body; ventral

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14
Q

Posterior

A

The back of the body; dorsal

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15
Q

Superficial

A

Located close to or on the body surface

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16
Q

Deep

A

Below the surface

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17
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to any reference point

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18
Q

Distal

A

Farther from any reference point

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19
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head; higher (cephalic)

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20
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head; lower (caudal)

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21
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

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22
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body; to the side

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23
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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24
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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25
Q

Unilateral

A

One side

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26
Q

Bilateral

A

Both sides

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27
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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28
Q

Supine

A

Lying face up

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29
Q

Valgus

A

Distal segment of a joint deviates laterally

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30
Q

Varus

A

Distal segment of a joint deviates medially

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31
Q

Arm

A

The region from the shoulder to elbow

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32
Q

Forearm

A

The region from the elbow to the wrist

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33
Q

Thigh

A

The region from the hip to the knee

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34
Q

Leg

A

The region from the knee to the ankle

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35
Q

The Line of Gravity

A

An imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity and is assessed when the person is standing usually.

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36
Q

Flexion

A

Movement resulting in a decrease of the joint angle, usually moving anteriorly in the sagittal plane

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37
Q

Extension

A

Movement resulting in an increase of the joint angle, usually moving posteriorly in the sagittal plane

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38
Q

Abduction

A

lVlovement away from the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

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39
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline of the body, usually in the frontal plane

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40
Q

Horizontal Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90”

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41
Q

Horizontal Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane, usually used to describe horizontal humerus movement when the shoulder is flexed at 90’

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42
Q

Internal Rotation

A

Rotation in the transverse plane toward the midline of the body

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43
Q

External Rotation

A

Rotation in the transverse plane away from the midline of the body

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44
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

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45
Q

Rotation

A

Right or left rotation in the transverse plane, usually used to describe neck and trunk movement

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46
Q

Elevation

A

Movement of the scapula superiorly in the frontal plane

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47
Q

Depression

A

Movement of the scapula inferiorly in the frontal plane

48
Q

Retraction

A

Movement of the scapula toward the spine in the frontal plane

49
Q

Protraction

A

Movement of the scapula away from the spine in the frontal plane

50
Q

Upward Rotation

A

Superior and lateral movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

51
Q

Downward Rotation

A

lnferior and medial movement of the inferior angle of the scapula in the frontal plane

52
Q

Circumduction

A

A compound circular movement involving flexion, extensron, abduction, and adduction, circumscribing a cone shape

53
Q

Radial Deviation

A

Abduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

54
Q

Ulnar Deviation

A

Adduction of the wrist in the frontal plane

55
Q

Opposition

A

Diagonal movement of thumb across the palmar surface of the hand to make contact with the fifth digit

56
Q

Eversion

A

Abducting the ankle

57
Q

Inversion

A

Adducting the ankle

58
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexing the ankle so the foot moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane

59
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Extending the ankle so that the foot moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane

60
Q

Pronation of the foot or ankle

A

Combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot

61
Q

Supination of the foot or ankle

A

Combined movements of adduction and inversion resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot

62
Q

Diaphysis

A

The main portion of a long bone

63
Q

Epiphysis

A

The end portion of the bone

64
Q

What covers the epiphysis?

65
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region of mature bone where we see the diaphysis join each epiphysis

66
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

The “growth plate” of the bone

67
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The space inside the diaphysis

68
Q

Endosteum

A

The lining of the medullary cavity

69
Q

Periosteum

A

The membrane covering the surface of the bones

70
Q

Cortical bones

A

The compact type of bone

71
Q

Trabecular bones

A

The spongy type of bone

72
Q

Joints

A

The articulations between the bones

73
Q

Ligaments

A

Tough fibrous connective tissues that anchor bone to bone

74
Q

Synarthrodial joints

A

These do not move. i.e. the sutures of the skull.

75
Q

Amphiarthrodial joints

A

These do move slightly and are held together by the ligaments or fibrocartilage.

76
Q

Suture

A

Tight union unique to the skull

77
Q

Syndesmosis

A

lnterosseous membrane between bones

78
Q

Gomphosis

A

Unique joint at the tooth socket

79
Q

Primary Cartilaginous joints

A

Usually temporary to permit bone growth and typically fuse

80
Q

Secondary Cartilaginous joints

A

Strong, slightly movable joints

81
Q

Synovial Plane joints

A

Gliding and sliding movements

82
Q

Synovial Hinge joints

A

Uniaxial movements

83
Q

Synovial Ellipsoidal joints

A

Biaxial joint

84
Q

Synovial Saddle Joints

A

Unique joint that permits movements in all planes, including opposition

85
Q

Synovial Ball-and-socket joints

A

Multiaxial joints that permit movements in all directions

86
Q

Synovial Pivot joints

A

Uniaxial joints that permit rotation

87
Q

Synovial Bicondylar joints

A

Allow movement primarily around one axis with some limited rotation in a second axis

88
Q

Joint stability

A

The resistance to displacment

89
Q

How many skeletal muscles are in the body?

A

more than 600

90
Q

Agonist muscle

A

The main muscle or group of muscles responsible for a movement.

91
Q

Antagonist muscle

A

The opposing in muscle in a movement.

92
Q

Synergist muscles

A

These muscles prevent unwanted movements and help the prime mover muscles work more efficiently.

93
Q

Co-contraction

A

The simultaneous contraction of the agonist and antagonist.

94
Q

Impingement syndrome

A

The most common non traumatic cause of shoulder pain caused from entrapment of the rotator cuff tendons.

95
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

A shoulder condition related to faulty biomechanics, poor posture, and shoulder muscle imbalance.

96
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Where the synovial fluid is produced.

97
Q

Open Chain movements

A

Movements occurring when the distal segment of a joint moves in space.

98
Q

Closed chain movements

A

Movements occurring when the distal segment of the joint is fixed in space.

99
Q

Range of motion

A

The degree of movement within a joint.

100
Q

Active range of motion

A

The range that can be reached by voluntary movement from contraction of skeletal muscle.

101
Q

Passive range of motion

A

The ROM that can be achieved by external means

102
Q

Hypermobile

A

Joints with excessive range of motion.

103
Q

Hypomobile

A

Joints with restricted range of motion

104
Q

Parallel skeletal muscle

A

The Muscle fibers run in line with the pull of the muscle.

105
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

Fusiform muscles have a parallel arrangement and are spindle shaped, tapering at each end.

106
Q

Longitudinal muscles

A

Strap-like and with parallel fibers.

107
Q

Quadrate muscles

A

These are four sided and usually flat, consisting of parallel fibers.

108
Q

Fan shaped muscles

A

These contain fibers that radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other.

109
Q

Pennate muscles

A

These fibers run obliquely or at an angle to the line of pull.

110
Q

Unipennate muscles

A

Fibers are only on one side of the tendon in a pennate muscle.

111
Q

Bipennate muscles

A

Fibers are on both sides of a central tendon in a pennate muscle.

112
Q

Multipennate muscles

A

There are two or more fasiculi attaching obliquely and combined to one muscle in a pennate muscle.

113
Q

Uniarticular muscles

A

A muscle that causes movement only at one joint.

114
Q

Biarticular muscles

A

These muscles cross more than one joint and cause actions at both.

115
Q

Muscles of the rotator cuff

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

116
Q

Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

A

This is a widespread cumulative trauma disorder that is caused by median nerve entrapment at the anterior wrist.

GTA & ACSM study for PT (22 decks)

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