Chapter 7: The Skeletal System - The Axial Skeleton Flashcards
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Bones of adult skeleton are grouped into two principle divisions; 80 bones of the , and 126 bones of the
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Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
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vertical line that runs through the body’s center of gravity, extending down through the head to the space bw the feet
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longitudinal axis
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the consist of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones forming the girdles that connect limbs to axial skeleton
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appendicular
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Somewhat cube shaped. Spongy bone except for the surface; includes carpal bones (except for pisiform, which is sesamoid) and tarsal bones (except for calcaneous, which is irregular).
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short bones
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generally thin. Offer considerable protection and includes cranial bones, breast bone, ribs, scapulae
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flat bones
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complex shapes. Includes vertebra and some facial bones
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irregular bones
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develop in certain tendons where there is considerable stress and includes patellae
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sesamoid bones
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located in certain cranial bones
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sutural bones
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surface markings which form joints and allow passage of soft tissues such as blood vessels
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depressions and openings
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surface markings which are projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachments for connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons.
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processes
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narrow split between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels and nerves pass
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fissure
Ex- superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
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Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.
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foramen (hole)
Ex- optic foramen of sphenoid bone
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shallow depression
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Fossa (trench)
Ex- coronoid fossa of the humerus
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along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
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Sulcus (groove)
Ex- intertubercular sulcus of humerus
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Tubelike opening
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Meatus (passageway)
Ex- external auditory meatus of temporal bone
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Large round protuberance at the end of a bone
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Condyle (knuckle)
Ex- lateral condyle of the femur
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smooth flat articular surface
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Facet
Ex- superior articular facet of a vertebra
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rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone
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Head
Ex- head of the femur
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prominent ridge or elongated projection
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Crest
Ex- lliac crest of the hip bone
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projection above a condyle
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Epicondyle
Ex- Medial epicondyle of the femur
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Long, narrow ridge or border
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Line
Ex- linea aspera of the femur
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sharp, slender projection
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Spinous process
Ex- spinous process of vertebra
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very large projection
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Trochanter
Ex- greater trochanter of the femur
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small, rounded projection
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Tubercle (knob)
Ex- greater tubercle of the humerus
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large, rounded, usually roughened projection
tuberosity
Ex- ischial tuberosity of the hip bone
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The contains 22 bones, rests on superoir end of vertebral column, and has 2 sets of bones and
skull
cranial bones and facial bones
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The 8 cranial bones
frontal, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone
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The 14 facial bones
2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, the mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer
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Immovable joints called hold most of the skull bones together
sutures
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forms the forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial floor.
frontal bone
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form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
parietal bones
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form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of cranial floor.
temporal bones
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the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone forms the
zygomatic arch
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The and articulate with the to form the TMJ
mandibular fossa and articular tubercle
mandible
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inflammation of mastoid air cells
mastoiditis
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rounded projection of mastoid portion of temporal bone which several neck muscles attach to
mastoid process
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The internal auditory meatus is the opening through which and pass
cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
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projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone and serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck
styloid process
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opening in temporal bone which contains internal and middle ear, carotid and jugular foramina,
petrous portion
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forms posterior part and most of base of cranium; contains foramen magnum
occipital bone
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The occipital condyles articulate with the depressions on the first cervical vertebra (atlas) to form
atlanto-occipital joint
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lies at middle part of base of skull. Keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them together. Shape resembles bat with outstretched wings
sphenoid bone
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The lies in a portion of the sphenoid bone's sella turcica called the
pituitary gland
hypophyseal fossa
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a light, sponge like bone located on the midline of the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to orbits. Contains conchae
ethmoid bone
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The unite to form the upper jawbone. They articulate with every bone in face except for mandible, and form most of the hard palate.
Maxillae
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Failure of the palatine processes of maxillary bones to unite during development
cleft palate
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smallest bones of face. Contain lacrimal fossa, which houses the , a structure that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity
Lacrimal bones
lacrimal sac
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forms the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity
palatine bones
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All three pairs of nasal chonchae help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs, but only the are involved in the sense of smell
inferior nasal conchae
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roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity. Is part of the nasal septum
Vomer
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largest, strongest facial bone; only movable skull bone other than auditory ossicles.
Mandible
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characterized by dull pain around the ear, tenderness of jaw muscles, clicking or popping when opening or closing mouth, abnormal opening of mouth, headache, abnormal wearing of teeth.
TMJ Syndrome
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Has 3 components- vomer, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone. Divides nasal cavity into right and left sides
nasal septum
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Each orbit is composed of bones- frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, zygomatic, and
seven
lacrimal and maxilla
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unites the frontal bone and both parietal bones
coronal suture
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unites the 2 parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull
sagittal suture
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unites the 2 parietal bones to the occipital bone
lambdoid suture
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unites the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspects of the skull
squamous sutures
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Paired cavities lined with mucous membranes in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. Serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing
paranasal sinuses
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Inflammation of mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses. Sinus headache occurs if the membranes swell enough to block drainage to the nasal cavity.
sinusitis
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6 main fontanels
anterior fontanel- midline bw two parietal bones and frontal bone- closes in 18-24 months
posterior fontanel- midline bw two parietal bones and occipital bone- closes 2 months
paired anterolateral fontanels- laterally bw frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones- closes 3 months
paired poserolateral fontanels- laterally bw parietal, occipital, and temporal bones- closes 11-12 months
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suspended from styloid processes of temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Provides attachment point for some tongue, neck muscles and pharynx
hyoid
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Total vertebrae during development is ; during adulthood is .
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26
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Breakdown of 26 adult vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
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When viewed from the side, the vertebral column shows 4 slight curves called
normal curves
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between vertebra from the 2nd cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Consists of fibrocartilage and an inner soft elastic substance called the
Intervertebral discs
nucleus pulposus
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Vertebra typically consist of a , ,
body
vertebral arch
processes
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weight bearing part of vertebra.
body
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When vertebral notches are stacked on top of one another, they form an opening called bw adjoining vertebra on both sides of the column that permits the passage of a single spinal nerve.
intervertebral foramen
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processes arise from the vertebral arch.
seven
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The of cervical vertebrae are the largest in the spinal column.
vertebral foramina
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The spinous processes of through are often bifid (split into two parts)
C2 - C6
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C1
Atlas
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C2
Axis
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The Atlas lacks a and
body and spinous process
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The superior articular facets of the Atlas articulate with the occipital condyles of occipital bone to form the
atlanto-occipital joints
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Which articulation allows the head to signify "yes"
atlanto-occipital joints
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C2
Axis
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A peglike process called the or projects up from the Axis to the Atlas making a pivot. This joint is called the
dens or odontoid process
atlanto-axial joint
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C7, called the , has a single large that can be felt at the base of the neck
vertebra prominens
spinous process
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The 2 articulating surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae are called and
facets and demifacets
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The articulations between thoracic vertebrae and ribs are called
vertebrocostal joints
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Largest and strongest vertebrae in the vertebral column
Lumbar L1-L5
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triangular bone formed by 5 fused vertebrae, fusion begins at age 16-18 and is usually completed by age 30. Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle
Sacrum
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The anteriorly projecting border of the base of the sacrum is the and is one of the points used for measurement of the pelvis
sacral promontory
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Triangular bone made of 4 fused bones, fuses bw 20-30 years of age.
Coccyx
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In females, the coccyx points , in males, it points
Inferiorly
Anteriorly
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Anesthetic agents that act on the sacral and coccygeal nerves are sometimes injected through the . Called or epidural block
sacral hiatus
caudal anesthesia
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The skeletal part of the thorax is called
thoracic cage
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3 parts of sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xyphoid Process
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1st - 7th pairs of ribs have a direct attachment to the by a strip of hyaline cartilage called . These ribs are ribs
sternum
costal cartilage
true
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The 8th - 12th ribs are known as bc they indirectly attach to sternum or not at all. and are floating ribs
false ribs
11th and 12th ribs
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8th, 9th and 10th pair of ribs are known as bc they attach to each other then attach to the 7th rib
vertebrochondral ribs (also false ribs)
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Inflammation of one or more costal cartilages is called and is characterized by local tenderness and pain in anterior chx that may . Can mimic angina
costochondritis
radiate
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Rupture of intervertebral disc so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes into vertebral cavity. Also called
Herniated disc
slipped disc
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congenital defect of vertebral column in which laminae fail to unite at the midline
spina bifida
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Exaggeration of thoracic curve of vertebral column. Caused by degeneration of vertebral discs, Rickets, poor posture, and osteoporosis
Kyphosis
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sometimes called swayback. Exaggeration of the lumbar curve. Caused by pregnancy, obesity, poor posture, rickets
Lordosis
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Narrowing of spinal canal in lumbar section, due to hyperthrophy of surrounding bone and soft tissue. Common cause of leg and back pain
Lumbar spine stenosis
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Lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in thoracic region
Scoliosis
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skull bones form each of the orbits
seven
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The cranial bones containing paranasal sinuses are
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
maxillae
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Another name for central region of spongy bone in a flat bone
Diploe
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attach bones of upper limbs to the axial skeleton
pectoral or shoulder girdles
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each pectoral girdle consist of and
clavicle
scapula
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The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of sternum at the
sternoclavicular joint
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Scapula articulates with the clavicle at the and with the humerus at the .
acromioclavicular joint
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
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Pectoral girdles do not articulate with the . They are held in position by
vertebrae
muscle attachments
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Broad flat lateral end of clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula
acromial extremity
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Each upper limb has bones in 3 locations: in the arm, in the forearm, and carpals in carpus, in the metacarpus, and in the hand
30 bones
1 (humerus)
2 (ulna and radius)
8 (carpals) , 5 (metacarpals), and 14 (phalanges)
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Distal to the head of humerus is the site of the epiphyseal line known as . The is a lateral projection distal to the .
anatomical neck
greater tubercle
anatomical neck
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The most laterally palpable bony landmark of the shoulder region. The projects anteriorly
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
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The is a constriction in the humerus just distal to the tubercles. It is so named bc commonly occur there
surgical neck
Fx
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The on the humerus serves as an attachment point for the tendons of deltoid muscle
deltoid tuberosity
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On the humerus, the articulates with the proximal end of radius and the articulates with the proximal end of the ulna
capitulum
trochlea
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At the proximal end of the ulna is the , which forms the prominence of the elbow.
olecranon
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The , the uppermost tarsal bone, is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia. It articulates with the of the tibia and the of the fibula. These articulations form the joint
Talus
medial malleolus
lateral malleolus
talocrural (ankle) joint
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The is the intermediate region of the foot and consist of metatarsal bones, numbered , from the to position
metatarsus
five
1-5
medial to lateral
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The phalanges of the foot are similar to those of the hand, numbering from to
1-5
medial to lateral
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Another name for the great (big) toe
hallux
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condition where the medial longitudinal arch of foot is abnormally elevated. Often caused by muscle deformities, such as in diabetic pts.
clawfoot
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Attachment site on the mandible for muscles of mastication (chewing)
coronoid process
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Pelvic bones are also called
os coxae
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The cranial roof is formed by which 3 bones
frontal bone
parietal bones
occipital bone
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The frontal bone contains the , an opening through which nerves and blood vessels pass to the forehead
supraorbital foramen
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Below the meatus is the rounded
mastoid process
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The spine of the scapula leads to the , which forms the tip of the shoulder
acromion process
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The narrow end of each scapula forms a socket to receive the humerus called the
glenoid fossa
