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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 7: The Skeletal System - The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Skeletal System - The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

2
Q

Bones of adult skeleton are grouped into two principle divisions; 80 bones of the , and 126 bones of the

A

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

vertical line that runs through the body’s center of gravity, extending down through the head to the space bw the feet

A

longitudinal axis

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4
Q

the consist of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones forming the girdles that connect limbs to axial skeleton

A

appendicular

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5
Q

Somewhat cube shaped. Spongy bone except for the surface; includes carpal bones (except for pisiform, which is sesamoid) and tarsal bones (except for calcaneous, which is irregular).

A

short bones

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6
Q

generally thin. Offer considerable protection and includes cranial bones, breast bone, ribs, scapulae

A

flat bones

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7
Q

complex shapes. Includes vertebra and some facial bones

A

irregular bones

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8
Q

develop in certain tendons where there is considerable stress and includes patellae

A

sesamoid bones

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9
Q

located in certain cranial bones

A

sutural bones

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10
Q

surface markings which form joints and allow passage of soft tissues such as blood vessels

A

depressions and openings

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11
Q

surface markings which are projections or outgrowths that either help form joints or serve as attachments for connective tissue such as ligaments and tendons.

A

processes

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12
Q

narrow split between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels and nerves pass

A

fissure

Ex- superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

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13
Q

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

A

foramen (hole)

Ex- optic foramen of sphenoid bone

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14
Q

shallow depression

A

Fossa (trench)

Ex- coronoid fossa of the humerus

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15
Q

along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

A

Sulcus (groove)

Ex- intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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16
Q

Tubelike opening

A

Meatus (passageway)

Ex- external auditory meatus of temporal bone

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17
Q

Large round protuberance at the end of a bone

A

Condyle (knuckle)

Ex- lateral condyle of the femur

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18
Q

smooth flat articular surface

A

Facet

Ex- superior articular facet of a vertebra

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19
Q

rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone

A

Head

Ex- head of the femur

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20
Q

prominent ridge or elongated projection

A

Crest

Ex- lliac crest of the hip bone

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21
Q

projection above a condyle

A

Epicondyle

Ex- Medial epicondyle of the femur

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22
Q

Long, narrow ridge or border

A

Line

Ex- linea aspera of the femur

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23
Q

sharp, slender projection

A

Spinous process

Ex- spinous process of vertebra

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24
Q

very large projection

A

Trochanter

Ex- greater trochanter of the femur

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25
Q

small, rounded projection

A

Tubercle (knob)

Ex- greater tubercle of the humerus

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26
Q

large, rounded, usually roughened projection

A

tuberosity

Ex- ischial tuberosity of the hip bone

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27
Q

The contains 22 bones, rests on superoir end of vertebral column, and has 2 sets of bones and

A

skull

cranial bones and facial bones

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28
Q

The 8 cranial bones

A

frontal, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone

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29
Q

The 14 facial bones

A

2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, the mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer

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30
Q

Immovable joints called hold most of the skull bones together

A

sutures

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31
Q

forms the forehead, roof of orbits, and most of anterior cranial floor.

A

frontal bone

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32
Q

form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity

A

parietal bones

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33
Q

form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of cranial floor.

A

temporal bones

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34
Q

the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone forms the

A

zygomatic arch

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35
Q

The and articulate with the to form the TMJ

A

mandibular fossa and articular tubercle

mandible

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36
Q

inflammation of mastoid air cells

A

mastoiditis

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37
Q

rounded projection of mastoid portion of temporal bone which several neck muscles attach to

A

mastoid process

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38
Q

The internal auditory meatus is the opening through which and pass

A

cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

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39
Q

projects inferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone and serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of tongue and neck

A

styloid process

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40
Q

opening in temporal bone which contains internal and middle ear, carotid and jugular foramina,

A

petrous portion

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41
Q

forms posterior part and most of base of cranium; contains foramen magnum

A

occipital bone

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42
Q

The occipital condyles articulate with the depressions on the first cervical vertebra (atlas) to form

A

atlanto-occipital joint

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43
Q

lies at middle part of base of skull. Keystone of the cranial floor because it articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them together. Shape resembles bat with outstretched wings

A

sphenoid bone

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44
Q

The lies in a portion of the sphenoid bone’s sella turcica called the

A

pituitary gland

hypophyseal fossa

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45
Q

a light, sponge like bone located on the midline of the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to orbits. Contains conchae

A

ethmoid bone

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46
Q

The unite to form the upper jawbone. They articulate with every bone in face except for mandible, and form most of the hard palate.

A

Maxillae

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47
Q

Failure of the palatine processes of maxillary bones to unite during development

A

cleft palate

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48
Q

smallest bones of face. Contain lacrimal fossa, which houses the , a structure that gathers tears and passes them into the nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal bones

lacrimal sac

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49
Q

forms the posterior portion of the hard palate, part of floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

palatine bones

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50
Q

All three pairs of nasal chonchae help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs, but only the are involved in the sense of smell

A

inferior nasal conchae

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51
Q

roughly triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity. Is part of the nasal septum

A

Vomer

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52
Q

largest, strongest facial bone; only movable skull bone other than auditory ossicles.

A

Mandible

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53
Q

characterized by dull pain around the ear, tenderness of jaw muscles, clicking or popping when opening or closing mouth, abnormal opening of mouth, headache, abnormal wearing of teeth.

A

TMJ Syndrome

54
Q

Has 3 components- vomer, septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone. Divides nasal cavity into right and left sides

A

nasal septum

55
Q

Each orbit is composed of bones- frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, zygomatic, and

A

seven

lacrimal and maxilla

56
Q

unites the frontal bone and both parietal bones

A

coronal suture

57
Q

unites the 2 parietal bones on the superior midline of the skull

A

sagittal suture

58
Q

unites the 2 parietal bones to the occipital bone

A

lambdoid suture

59
Q

unites the parietal and temporal bones on the lateral aspects of the skull

A

squamous sutures

60
Q

Paired cavities lined with mucous membranes in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. Serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing

A

paranasal sinuses

61
Q

Inflammation of mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses. Sinus headache occurs if the membranes swell enough to block drainage to the nasal cavity.

A

sinusitis

62
Q

6 main fontanels

A

anterior fontanel- midline bw two parietal bones and frontal bone- closes in 18-24 months

posterior fontanel- midline bw two parietal bones and occipital bone- closes 2 months

paired anterolateral fontanels- laterally bw frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones- closes 3 months

paired poserolateral fontanels- laterally bw parietal, occipital, and temporal bones- closes 11-12 months

63
Q

suspended from styloid processes of temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Provides attachment point for some tongue, neck muscles and pharynx

A

hyoid

64
Q

Total vertebrae during development is ; during adulthood is .

A

33

26

65
Q

Breakdown of 26 adult vertebrae

A

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

1 sacrum

1 coccyx

66
Q

When viewed from the side, the vertebral column shows 4 slight curves called

A

normal curves

67
Q

between vertebra from the 2nd cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Consists of fibrocartilage and an inner soft elastic substance called the

A

Intervertebral discs

nucleus pulposus

68
Q

Vertebra typically consist of a , ,

A

body

vertebral arch

processes

69
Q

weight bearing part of vertebra.

A

body

70
Q

When vertebral notches are stacked on top of one another, they form an opening called bw adjoining vertebra on both sides of the column that permits the passage of a single spinal nerve.

A

intervertebral foramen

71
Q

processes arise from the vertebral arch.

A

seven

72
Q

The of cervical vertebrae are the largest in the spinal column.

A

vertebral foramina

73
Q

The spinous processes of through are often bifid (split into two parts)

A

C2 - C6

74
Q

C1

A

Atlas

75
Q

C2

A

Axis

76
Q

The Atlas lacks a and

A

body and spinous process

77
Q

The superior articular facets of the Atlas articulate with the occipital condyles of occipital bone to form the

A

atlanto-occipital joints

78
Q

Which articulation allows the head to signify “yes”

A

atlanto-occipital joints

79
Q

C2

A

Axis

80
Q

A peglike process called the or projects up from the Axis to the Atlas making a pivot. This joint is called the

A

dens or odontoid process

atlanto-axial joint

81
Q

C7, called the , has a single large that can be felt at the base of the neck

A

vertebra prominens

spinous process

82
Q

The 2 articulating surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae are called and

A

facets and demifacets

83
Q

The articulations between thoracic vertebrae and ribs are called

A

vertebrocostal joints

84
Q

Largest and strongest vertebrae in the vertebral column

A

Lumbar L1-L5

85
Q

triangular bone formed by 5 fused vertebrae, fusion begins at age 16-18 and is usually completed by age 30. Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

A

Sacrum

86
Q

The anteriorly projecting border of the base of the sacrum is the and is one of the points used for measurement of the pelvis

A

sacral promontory

87
Q

Triangular bone made of 4 fused bones, fuses bw 20-30 years of age.

A

Coccyx

88
Q

In females, the coccyx points , in males, it points

A

Inferiorly

Anteriorly

89
Q

Anesthetic agents that act on the sacral and coccygeal nerves are sometimes injected through the . Called or epidural block

A

sacral hiatus

caudal anesthesia

90
Q

The skeletal part of the thorax is called

A

thoracic cage

91
Q

3 parts of sternum

A

Manubrium

Body

Xyphoid Process

92
Q

1st - 7th pairs of ribs have a direct attachment to the by a strip of hyaline cartilage called . These ribs are ribs

A

sternum

costal cartilage

true

93
Q

The 8th - 12th ribs are known as bc they indirectly attach to sternum or not at all. and are floating ribs

A

false ribs

11th and 12th ribs

94
Q

8th, 9th and 10th pair of ribs are known as bc they attach to each other then attach to the 7th rib

A

vertebrochondral ribs (also false ribs)

95
Q

Inflammation of one or more costal cartilages is called and is characterized by local tenderness and pain in anterior chx that may . Can mimic angina

A

costochondritis

radiate

96
Q

Rupture of intervertebral disc so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes into vertebral cavity. Also called

A

Herniated disc

slipped disc

97
Q

congenital defect of vertebral column in which laminae fail to unite at the midline

A

spina bifida

98
Q

Exaggeration of thoracic curve of vertebral column. Caused by degeneration of vertebral discs, Rickets, poor posture, and osteoporosis

A

Kyphosis

99
Q

sometimes called swayback. Exaggeration of the lumbar curve. Caused by pregnancy, obesity, poor posture, rickets

A

Lordosis

100
Q

Narrowing of spinal canal in lumbar section, due to hyperthrophy of surrounding bone and soft tissue. Common cause of leg and back pain

A

Lumbar spine stenosis

101
Q

Lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in thoracic region

A

Scoliosis

102
Q

skull bones form each of the orbits

A

seven

103
Q

The cranial bones containing paranasal sinuses are

A

frontal

sphenoid

ethmoid

maxillae

104
Q

Another name for central region of spongy bone in a flat bone

A

Diploe

105
Q

attach bones of upper limbs to the axial skeleton

A

pectoral or shoulder girdles

106
Q

each pectoral girdle consist of and

A

clavicle

scapula

107
Q

The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of sternum at the

A

sternoclavicular joint

108
Q

Scapula articulates with the clavicle at the and with the humerus at the .

A

acromioclavicular joint

glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

109
Q

Pectoral girdles do not articulate with the . They are held in position by

A

vertebrae

muscle attachments

110
Q

Broad flat lateral end of clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula

A

acromial extremity

111
Q

Each upper limb has bones in 3 locations: in the arm, in the forearm, and carpals in carpus, in the metacarpus, and in the hand

A

30 bones

1 (humerus)

2 (ulna and radius)

8 (carpals) , 5 (metacarpals), and 14 (phalanges)

112
Q

Distal to the head of humerus is the site of the epiphyseal line known as . The is a lateral projection distal to the .

A

anatomical neck

greater tubercle

anatomical neck

113
Q

The most laterally palpable bony landmark of the shoulder region. The projects anteriorly

A

greater tubercle

lesser tubercle

114
Q

The is a constriction in the humerus just distal to the tubercles. It is so named bc commonly occur there

A

surgical neck

Fx

115
Q

The on the humerus serves as an attachment point for the tendons of deltoid muscle

A

deltoid tuberosity

116
Q

On the humerus, the articulates with the proximal end of radius and the articulates with the proximal end of the ulna

A

capitulum

trochlea

117
Q

At the proximal end of the ulna is the , which forms the prominence of the elbow.

A

olecranon

118
Q

The , the uppermost tarsal bone, is the only bone of the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia. It articulates with the of the tibia and the of the fibula. These articulations form the joint

A

Talus

medial malleolus

lateral malleolus

talocrural (ankle) joint

119
Q

The is the intermediate region of the foot and consist of metatarsal bones, numbered , from the to position

A

metatarsus

five

1-5

medial to lateral

120
Q

The phalanges of the foot are similar to those of the hand, numbering from to

A

1-5

medial to lateral

121
Q

Another name for the great (big) toe

A

hallux

122
Q

condition where the medial longitudinal arch of foot is abnormally elevated. Often caused by muscle deformities, such as in diabetic pts.

A

clawfoot

123
Q

Attachment site on the mandible for muscles of mastication (chewing)

A

coronoid process

124
Q

Pelvic bones are also called

A

os coxae

125
Q

The cranial roof is formed by which 3 bones

A

frontal bone

parietal bones

occipital bone

126
Q

The frontal bone contains the , an opening through which nerves and blood vessels pass to the forehead

A

supraorbital foramen

127
Q

Below the meatus is the rounded

A

mastoid process

128
Q

The spine of the scapula leads to the , which forms the tip of the shoulder

A

acromion process

129
Q

The narrow end of each scapula forms a socket to receive the humerus called the

A

glenoid fossa

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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