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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 7: The Skeletal System - The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Skeletal System - The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Skeletal System - The Axial Skeleton

1
Q

The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones grouped into two principal divisions called?

A

Axial skeleton and the

Appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

The ____ skeleton consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body:

A

Axial

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3
Q

Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column. These are part of the ____ skelton.

A

Axial

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4
Q

The ____ skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

A

appendicular

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5
Q

What bones are greater in length than in width and are often slightly curved for the purpose of weight bearing?

A

Long

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6
Q

The femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges are examples or ____ bones.

A

Long Bones

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7
Q

What bones include the carpals & tarsals?

A

Short Bones (cube-shaped)

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8
Q

What bones are thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone?

A

Flat bones

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9
Q

The cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae, and clavicles are examples of ____ bones?

A

Flat bones

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10
Q

What bones include complex shapes like the vertebrae and some facial bones?

A

Irregular bones

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11
Q

What bones vary in number and protect tendons from excessive wear?
The best example is the patella.

A

Sesamoid bones

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12
Q

What bones can develop fractures due to friction, tension, and stress?

A

Sesamoid bones

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13
Q

What bones, also known as Wormian bones, are small extra bone plates located
within the sutures of cranial bones?

A

Sutural bones

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14
Q

Bones have characteristic surface markings - structural features adapted for?

A

Specific functions.

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15
Q

There are two major types of surface markings on bones. They are?

A

Depressions and openings, and

Processes

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16
Q

Depressions and openings of on/in bones allow the passage of?

A

Blood vessels and nerves an they form joints

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17
Q

Projections or outgrowths that form joints serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons are called?

A

Processes

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18
Q

While a process is any projection of bone (large or small), a ____ process is a slender projection from a vertebrae.

A

Spinous

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19
Q

What is an opening in
bone through which blood
vessels and/or nerves pass?

A

foramen

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20
Q

If a bony process is large, round, and articular, it might be called a?

A

condyle

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21
Q

The condyles of the humerus are the?

A

Trochlea and the Capitulum

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22
Q

What is a bony protuberance

above a condyle?

A

An epicondyle

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23
Q

What is a shallow

depression in bone?

A

A fossa

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24
Q

What is a small rounded projection?

A

A tubercle

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25
Q

What is a large bony prominence that is not articular?

A

A tuberosity

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26
Q

What is a tube-like canal?

A

A meatus

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27
Q

What are two very large bony projections on the femur?

A

The trochanters

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28
Q

There are 80 bones in the central (axial) skeleton, which conists of?

A

Skull, Vertebral column (including the sacrum),

Ribs, and Sternum

29
Q

Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several other smaller cavities. They are?

A

Nasal cavity,
Orbits (eye sockets),
Paranasal sinuses, and
Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium

30
Q

The bones of the skull are grouped into what two categories?

A

Cranial bones, and

Facial bones

31
Q

They 8 cranial bones are? (Frank passes time on special equipment).

A 
Frontal bone (1) 
Parietal bone (2)
Temporal bone (2)
Occipital bone (1)
Sphenoid bone (1)
Ethmoid bone (1
32
Q

The 14 Facial bones are? (My mothers zebra now likes peas in veal)

A 
Mandible (1)
Maxilla (2)
Zygomatic bone (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Lacrimal bones (2)
Palatine bones  (2)
Inf. Nasal conchae  (2)
Vomer (1)
33
Q

The braincase (neurocranium) has 8 bones. They are? (Some old eagle sat perched perfectly)

A

Single frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid bones, paired temporal, parietal bones.

34
Q

What is a “seam” – an immovable joint between bones of the skull?

A

A suture

35
Q

What are soft, mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones in babies? They will become suture joints in adults.

A

Fontanels (“little fountains”)

36
Q

What are prominent features of the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, and maxillary?

A

The paranasal sinuses

37
Q

With the exception of the ethmoid sinuses, the other paranasal sinuses are?

A

paired

38
Q 
What are lined with mucus 
membranes that humidify 
and warm the air? They also
reduce weight in the skull and
help to resonate the sound of our voice.
A

paranasal sinuses

39
Q

Of the 8 cranial bones that fit together to form the braincase, the ____ bone is the “keystone”.

A

sphenoid

40
Q

Besides protecting the brain, the skull provides a framework for: Attachment of muscles that move various parts of the head and?

A

Attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions

41
Q

The facial bones form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the ____ and ____systems.

A

digestive and respiratory

42
Q

The spine is composed of a series of bones called?

A

vertebrae.

43
Q

Vertebrae typically consist of?

A 
A body (weight bearing)
A pedicle and lamina 
forming the vertebral arch 
(surrounds the spinal cord)
Several processes (points
of attachment for muscles)
44
Q

There are 7 ____ ____in the neck region labeled C1-C7 .

A

cervical vertebrae

45
Q

There are 12 ____ ____ that articulate with the ribs (T1-T12).

A

thoracic vertebrae

46
Q

There are 5 ____ ____that support the lower back labeled L1-L5 .

A

lumbar vertebrae

47
Q

The ____ and ____ are single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae.

A

sacrum, and coccyx

48
Q

From the cervical region to the sacrum, each vertebra has a large central hole, or ____ ____ in which the spinal cord can travel.

A

vertebral foramen

49
Q

At each segmental level, on both the right and left sides, an ____ ____ is formed for the exiting spinal nerves.

A

intervertebral foremen

50
Q

What is found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

A

A tough fibrocartilage intervertebral disc

51
Q

When viewed from the front, a normal adult vertebral column appears straight. When viewed from the side,
it has ____ slight bends which
constitute the normal spinal
curvatures.

A

four

52
Q

Relative to the front of the body, the cervical and lumbar curves are convex or concave?

A

convex (bulging out),

53
Q

The thoracic and sacral curves are convex or concave?

A

concave (cupping in).

54
Q

What vertebrae comprise the bony spine in the neck?

A

The cervical vertebrae

55
Q

C1 is called the ____because it holds up the head the way the Titan of Greek mythology supported the world.

A

Atlas

56
Q

C2 is called the ____ because it provides a pivot, allowing the head to turn on the neck.

A

Axis

57
Q

Without these first two specialized cervical vertebra, the head-on-neck range of motion would be very?

A

limited

58
Q

Below the neck, each of the 12 pairs of what vertebrae articulate with a rib to form the posterior part of the thoracic cage?

A

thoracic vertebrae

59
Q

Because the ____ vertebrae (5) bear greater loads, they are much stouter than their more superior cousins

A

lumbar

60
Q

What is a single triangular body formed from a fusion of 5 separate vertebrae in-utero (during fetal development)?

A

The sacrum

61
Q

What is commonly referred to as the tailbone, it is the final segment of the bony spine. It is also an in-utero fusion of 3–5 separate vertebrae.

A

The coccyx,

62
Q

What is the final part of the axial skeleton? In addition to the thoracic vertebrae, it is formed from:The sternum
The ribs and costal cartilages

A

The thoracic cage

63
Q

What serves to enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities? It also provides support for the bones of the upper limbs and plays a role in breathing.

A

The thoracic cage

64
Q

What is located anteriorly in the center of the thoracic wall.

A

The sternum or “breastbone”

65
Q

What consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process?

A

The sternum or “breastbone”

66
Q

What are bars of hyaline cartilage connecting the sternum to the ribs? They contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage.

A

The costal (having to do with the ribs) cartilages

67
Q

The upper 7 rib pairs are called ____ ____because they attach “directly” to the
sternum (with just a small piece of costal cartilage).

A

true ribs

68
Q

The bottom 5 pairs of ribs (and this number can vary from one individual to another) are called?

A

false ribs.

69
Q

Ribs 11 and 12 are called?

A

floating ribs

Anatomy and Physiology I (9 decks)

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