Chapter 7: The Skeletal System - The Axial Skeleton

Question 1

The human skeleton consists of 206 named bones grouped into two principal divisions called?

Answer 1

Axial skeleton and the

Appendicular skeleton

Question 2

The ____ skeleton consists of the bones that lie around the longitudinal axis of the human body:

Answer 2

Axial

Question 3

Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column. These are part of the ____ skelton.

Answer 3

Axial

Question 4

The ____ skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities) and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Answer 4

appendicular

Question 5

What bones are greater in length than in width and are often slightly curved for the purpose of weight bearing?

Answer 5

Long

Question 6

The femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges are examples or ____ bones.

Answer 6

Long Bones

Question 7

What bones include the carpals & tarsals?

Answer 7

Short Bones (cube-shaped)

Question 8

What bones are thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone?

Answer 8

Flat bones

Question 9

The cranial bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae, and clavicles are examples of ____ bones?

Answer 9

Flat bones

Question 10

What bones include complex shapes like the vertebrae and some facial bones?

Answer 10

Irregular bones

Question 11

What bones vary in number and protect tendons from excessive wear?
The best example is the patella.

Answer 11

Sesamoid bones

Question 12

What bones can develop fractures due to friction, tension, and stress?

Answer 12

Sesamoid bones

Question 13

What bones, also known as Wormian bones, are small extra bone plates located
within the sutures of cranial bones?

Answer 13

Sutural bones

Question 14

Bones have characteristic surface markings - structural features adapted for?

Answer 14

Specific functions.

Question 15

There are two major types of surface markings on bones. They are?

Answer 15

Depressions and openings, and

Processes

Question 16

Depressions and openings of on/in bones allow the passage of?

Answer 16

Blood vessels and nerves an they form joints

Question 17

Projections or outgrowths that form joints serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons are called?

Answer 17

Processes

Question 18

While a process is any projection of bone (large or small), a ____ process is a slender projection from a vertebrae.

Answer 18

Spinous

Question 19

What is an opening in
bone through which blood
vessels and/or nerves pass?

Answer 19

foramen

Question 20

If a bony process is large, round, and articular, it might be called a?

Answer 20

condyle

Question 21

The condyles of the humerus are the?

Answer 21

Trochlea and the Capitulum

Question 22

What is a bony protuberance

above a condyle?

Answer 22

An epicondyle

Question 23

What is a shallow

depression in bone?

Answer 23

A fossa

Question 24

What is a small rounded projection?

Answer 24

A tubercle

Question 25

What is a large bony prominence that is not articular?

Answer 25

A tuberosity

Question 26

What is a tube-like canal?

Answer 26

A meatus

Question 27

What are two very large bony projections on the femur?

Answer 27

The trochanters

Question 28

There are 80 bones in the central (axial) skeleton, which conists of?

Answer 28

Skull, Vertebral column (including the sacrum), | Ribs, and Sternum

Question 29

Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several other smaller cavities. They are?

Answer 29

Nasal cavity, Orbits (eye sockets), Paranasal sinuses, and Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium

Question 30

The bones of the skull are grouped into what two categories?

Answer 30

Cranial bones, and | Facial bones

Question 31

They 8 cranial bones are? (Frank passes time on special equipment).

Answer 31

``` Frontal bone (1) Parietal bone (2) Temporal bone (2) Occipital bone (1) Sphenoid bone (1) Ethmoid bone (1 ```

Question 32

The 14 Facial bones are? (My mothers zebra now likes peas in veal)

Answer 32

``` Mandible (1) Maxilla (2) Zygomatic bone (2) Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Inf. Nasal conchae (2) Vomer (1) ```

Question 33

The braincase (neurocranium) has 8 bones. They are? (Some old eagle sat perched perfectly)

Answer 33

Single frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid bones, paired temporal, parietal bones.

Question 34

What is a “seam” – an immovable joint between bones of the skull?

Answer 34

A suture

Question 35

What are soft, mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones in babies? They will become suture joints in adults.

Answer 35

Fontanels (“little fountains”)

Question 36

What are prominent features of the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, and maxillary?

Answer 36

The paranasal sinuses

Question 37

With the exception of the ethmoid sinuses, the other paranasal sinuses are?

Answer 37

paired

Question 38

``` What are lined with mucus membranes that humidify and warm the air? They also reduce weight in the skull and help to resonate the sound of our voice. ```

Answer 38

paranasal sinuses

Question 39

Of the 8 cranial bones that fit together to form the braincase, the ____ bone is the “keystone”.

Answer 39

sphenoid

Question 40

Besides protecting the brain, the skull provides a framework for: Attachment of muscles that move various parts of the head and?

Answer 40

Attachment for muscles that produce facial expressions

Question 41

The facial bones form the framework of the face and provide support for the entrances to the ____ and ____systems.

Answer 41

digestive and respiratory

Question 42

The spine is composed of a series of bones called?

Answer 42

vertebrae.

Question 43

Vertebrae typically consist of?

Answer 43

``` A body (weight bearing) A pedicle and lamina forming the vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord) Several processes (points of attachment for muscles) ```

Question 44

There are 7 ____ ____in the neck region labeled C1-C7 .

Answer 44

cervical vertebrae

Question 45

There are 12 ____ ____ that articulate with the ribs (T1-T12).

Answer 45

thoracic vertebrae

Question 46

There are 5 ____ ____that support the lower back labeled L1-L5 .

Answer 46

lumbar vertebrae

Question 47

The ____ and ____ are single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae.

Answer 47

sacrum, and coccyx

Question 48

From the cervical region to the sacrum, each vertebra has a large central hole, or ____ ____ in which the spinal cord can travel.

Answer 48

vertebral foramen

Question 49

At each segmental level, on both the right and left sides, an ____ ____ is formed for the exiting spinal nerves.

Answer 49

intervertebral foremen

Question 50

What is found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 50

A tough fibrocartilage intervertebral disc

Question 51

When viewed from the front, a normal adult vertebral column appears straight. When viewed from the side, it has ____ slight bends which constitute the normal spinal curvatures.

Answer 51

four

Question 52

Relative to the front of the body, the cervical and lumbar curves are convex or concave?

Answer 52

convex (bulging out),

Question 53

The thoracic and sacral curves are convex or concave?

Answer 53

concave (cupping in).

Question 54

What vertebrae comprise the bony spine in the neck?

Answer 54

The cervical vertebrae

Question 55

C1 is called the ____because it holds up the head the way the Titan of Greek mythology supported the world.

Answer 55

Atlas

Question 56

C2 is called the ____ because it provides a pivot, allowing the head to turn on the neck.

Answer 56

Axis

Question 57

Without these first two specialized cervical vertebra, the head-on-neck range of motion would be very?

Answer 57

limited

Question 58

Below the neck, each of the 12 pairs of what vertebrae articulate with a rib to form the posterior part of the thoracic cage?

Answer 58

thoracic vertebrae

Question 59

Because the ____ vertebrae (5) bear greater loads, they are much stouter than their more superior cousins

Answer 59

lumbar

Question 60

What is a single triangular body formed from a fusion of 5 separate vertebrae in-utero (during fetal development)?

Answer 60

The sacrum

Question 61

What is commonly referred to as the tailbone, it is the final segment of the bony spine. It is also an in-utero fusion of 3–5 separate vertebrae.

Answer 61

The coccyx,

Question 62

What is the final part of the axial skeleton? In addition to the thoracic vertebrae, it is formed from:The sternum The ribs and costal cartilages

Answer 62

The thoracic cage

Question 63

What serves to enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities? It also provides support for the bones of the upper limbs and plays a role in breathing.

Answer 63

The thoracic cage

Question 64

What is located anteriorly in the center of the thoracic wall.

Answer 64

The sternum or “breastbone”

Question 65

What consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process?

Answer 65

The sternum or “breastbone”

Question 66

What are bars of hyaline cartilage connecting the sternum to the ribs? They contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage.

Answer 66

The costal (having to do with the ribs) cartilages

Question 67

The upper 7 rib pairs are called ____ ____because they attach “directly” to the sternum (with just a small piece of costal cartilage).

Answer 67

true ribs

Question 68

The bottom 5 pairs of ribs (and this number can vary from one individual to another) are called?

Answer 68

false ribs.

Question 69

Ribs 11 and 12 are called?

Answer 69

floating ribs