Chapter 6: The Skeletal System - Bone Tissue

Question 2

The skeletal system has 6 important functions they are?

Answer 2

Support, Protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis, Blood cell production, and Triglyceride storage.

Question 3

The two major tissues of the Skeletal System are?

Answer 3

Bone (osseous tissue) and cartilage.

Question 4

Bone is found in the body in what two different arrangements?

Answer 4

Compact bone and Spongy bone

Question 5

Compact bone is good at providing?

Answer 5

protection and support.

Question 6

Spongy bone is lightweight and

provides?

Answer 6

tissue support

Question 7

Spongy forms much of the epiphysis and?

Answer 7

the internal cavity of long bones.

Question 8

Bone is a highly _____ C.T. with a hard, mineralized extracellular matrix.

Answer 8

vascularized

Question 9

Cartilage is a poorly _____ C.T. with a matrix composed of chondroitin sulfate and various fibers.

Answer 9

vascularized

Question 10

Fiber types distinguish ____
cartilage from _____ or
____ cartilage.

Answer 10

hyaline, fibrocartilage, or elastic.

Question 11

What cartilage is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones?

Answer 11

Articular

Question 12

What cartilage is found where the bone forms an

articular (joint) surface (where one bone moves against another bone)?

Answer 12

Articular

Question 13

What is a tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone?

Answer 13

The periosteum

Question 14

The periosteum contains _____ that help the bone grow in thickness, but not in length.

Answer 14

osteoblasts

Question 15

What assists with fracture repair and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments?

Answer 15

The periosteum

Question 16

What is a space within the diaphysis of long bones that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults?

Answer 16

medullary cavity

Question 17

What is a membrane that

lines the medullary cavity?

Answer 17

endosteum

Question 18

What is composed of
osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and
connective tissue?

Answer 18

endosteum

Question 19

What is a dense irregular connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage?

Answer 19

perichondrium

Question 20

What are cells that

form cartilage?

Answer 20

Chondrocytes

Question 21

Four types of cells are present in bone tissue they are?

Answer 21

Osteogenic, Osteoblast , Osteocytes , and Osteoclast.

Question 22

What are bone building cells? They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components.

Answer 22

Osteoblasts

Question 23

What are mature osteoblasts (maintenance).

Answer 23

Osteocytes

Question 24

What are large bone breakdown cells and are derived from the fusion of 50 monocytes?

Answer 24

Osteoclasts

Question 25

As white blood cells, osteoclasts migrated from the bone marrow to become ____ ____ in the substance of the bone.

Answer 25

“fixed macrophages”

Question 26

Besides bone and cartilage, the skeletal system contains other important tissues. They are?

Answer 26

Epithelium, Nerves, Red marrow, and Yellow marrow.

Question 27

Bone is ___% water, ____% organic proteins, ___% mineral salts (hydroxyapatite crystals).

Answer 27

25, 25, and 50

Question 28

What fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength?

Answer 28

Collagen (Organic constituents)

Question 29

The ____ in the arm is a typical long bone.

Answer 29

humerus

Question 30

What is the shaft or | body of a long bone?

Answer 30

diaphysis

Question 31

What forms the distal and proximal ends of a long bone?

Answer 31

epiphyses

Question 32

What are the areas where the epiphyses and diaphysis join?

Answer 32

metaphyses

Question 33

In adolescents, through the end of active growth, the epiphysis of the long bones contains hyaline cartilage and forms an?

Answer 33

“epiphyseal growth plate”.

Question 34

The epiphyseal growth plate is always actively dividing and causing the bone to?

Answer 34

elongate from each end.

Question 35

``` In adults, the epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present and elongation of bones has stopped. The epiphyseal growth plate becomes an ____ ____ as growing cartilage is replaced by calcified bone. ```

Answer 35

“epiphyseal line”,

Question 36

Interstitial lamellae between osteons are left over fragments of older?

Answer 36

osteons

Question 37

What encircles the bone beneath the periosteum?

Answer 37

Outer circumferential lamellae

Question 38

What encircles the medullary | cavity?

Answer 38

Inner circumferential lamellae

Question 39

What are small spaces between the lamellae which house osteocytes?

Answer 39

Lacunae

Question 40

What are small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae?

Answer 40

Canaliculi

Question 41

Blood and lymphatic vessels | are found in the osteon’s?

Answer 41

Central canal.

Question 42

What allows transit of | Blood and lymphatic vessels to the outer cortex of the bone?

Answer 42

Perforating (Volkmann’s)canals

Question 43

Spongy bone lacks osteons. Instead, lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called?

Answer 43

trabeculae.

Question 44

What spongy bone tissue supports and protects the red bone marrow and are oriented along lines of stress?

Answer 44

Trabeculae

Question 45

Hematopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in?

Answer 45

spongy bone.

Question 46

Within each trabecula of spongy bone are?

Answer 46

lacunae

Question 47

As in compact bone, lacunae contain osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the?

Answer 47

trabeculae.

Question 48

The interior of long bones is made up primarily of? This lessens overall bone weight.

Answer 48

spongy bone.

Question 49

Bone is richly supplied with blood; ____ arteries and veins supply the periosteum and compact bone.

Answer 49

Periosteal

Question 50

What is rich in sensory nerves and is sensitive to tearing or tension?

Answer 50

The periosteum

Question 51

____ or ____ is the process of forming new bone.

Answer 51

Ossification or osteogenesis

Question 52

Bone formation occurs in four situations. They are?

Answer 52

Formation of bone in an embryo, Growth of bones until adulthood, Remodeling of bone, and Repair of fractures

Question 53

Osteogenesis occurs by two different methods, beginning about the 6th week of embryonic development. The two methods are?

Answer 53

Intra-membranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

Question 54

What Osteogenesis method produces spongy bone?

Answer 54

Intra-membranous ossification

Question 55

What Osteogenesis method forms both compact and spongy bone?

Answer 55

Endochondral ossification

Question 56

What is a process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone?

Answer 56

Endochondral ossification

Question 57

What Osteogenesis method is used in forming the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle?

Answer 57

Intra-membranous ossification

Question 58

Bone forms from ____ cells that develop within a membrane – without going through a cartilage stage

Answer 58

mesenchymal

Question 59

Intra-membranous ossification occurs in what four steps?

Answer 59

Development of the ossification center, Calcification, Formation of Trabeculae, and development of the periosteum.

Question 60

Endochondral ossification occurs in what six steps?

Answer 60

Development of the cartilage model, Growth of the cartilage model, Development of the medullary cavity, Development of the secondary ossification center, and formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate.

Question 61

Ossification contributing to bone length is usually complete by ___-___ years of age.

Answer 61

18-21

Question 62

Bones can still continue to thicken and are capable of repair even after the ____ ____ plates have closed.

Answer 62

epiphyseal growth

Question 63

The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal ____ when the bone matures.

Answer 63

Line

Question 64

Mesenchyme (stem) bone cells mature into?

Answer 64

Osteogenic bone cells

Question 65

Osteogenic bone cells mature into?

Answer 65

Osteoblast bone cells (Building)

Question 66

Osteoblast bone cells mature into?

Answer 66

Osteocytes (maintenance)

Question 67

What product is derived from the breaking down of bone by Osteoclast?

Answer 67

Calcium

Question 68

Calcium is important for neural communication and?

Answer 68

Muscle contraction, bone formation, neural communication

Question 69

Osteoblast and Osteoclast communicate with each other to provide what?

Answer 69

Bone remodeling

Question 70

Human growth hormone is one of the body’s many anabolic hormones. Among other things, its secretion will stimulate bone growth, muscle growth, loss of fat, and?

Answer 70

increased glucose output in the liver.

Question 71

In bone remodeling, do Osteoblast reduce or increase the amount of calcium in the blood?

Answer 71

Reduce

Question 72

In bone remodeling, is calcitonin associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?

Answer 72

Osteoblast

Question 73

In bone remodeling, is the increase of calcium is associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?

Answer 73

Osteoclast

Question 74

In bone remodeling, the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?

Answer 74

Osteoclast

Question 75

Vitamin A stimulates activity of?

Answer 75

osteoblasts.

Question 76

Vitamin C is needed for synthesis of?

Answer 76

collagen

Question 77

What vitamin is essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood?

Answer 77

Vitamin D

Question 78

Vitamins K and B12 are needed for synthesis of?

Answer 78

bone proteins.

Question 79

What are key contributors to normal bone metabolism?

Answer 79

Hormones

Question 80

During childhood, the hormones most important to bone growth are ___ and growth factors called?

Answer 80

human growth hormone (hGH), | IGFs (produced by the liver).

Question 81

Thyroid hormones and ____ also promote bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and protein synthesis.

Answer 81

insulin

Question 82

The sex hormones ____ and ____ cause a dramatic effect on bone growth, such as the sudden “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage years.

Answer 82

(estrogen and testosterone)

Question 83

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ____ are critical for balancing the levels of calcium and phosphorus between blood and bone.

Answer 83

calcitonin

Question 84

Vitamin D is needed for absorption of the Ca2+ (Calicum) and ____ ions from the small intestine, and reabsorption of those same ions in the kidneys.

Answer 84

(Phosphate) PO4–

Question 85

What kind of fracture occurs when one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends?

Answer 85

Greenstick

Question 86

What kind of fracture occurs when one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other?

Answer 86

Impacted

Question 87

What kind of fracture occurs when the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments?

Answer 87

Comminuted

Question 88

What kind of fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin ?

Answer 88

Open (Compound)

Question 89

What kind of fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone do not break the skin?

Answer 89

Closed (Simple)

Question 90

What kind of fracture occurs in the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation?

Answer 90

Pott

Question 91

What kind of fracture occurs when the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly?

Answer 91

Colles’

Question 92

A Pathological fracture is caused from?

Answer 92

Usually from a cancerous process or severe chronic disease

Question 93

A compression fracture is caused by?

Answer 93

produced by extreme forces such as in trauma

Question 94

Stress fracture is produced from?

Answer 94

Repeated strenuous activities such as running

Question 95

Once a bone is fractured, repair proceeds in a predictable pattern. The first step, which occurs 6-8 hours after injury, is the formation of a?

Answer 95

fracture hematoma as a result of blood vessels breaking in | the periosteum and in osteons.

Question 96

The second and third steps of bone repair involve the formation of a?

Answer 96

Bone callus (takes a few weeks, to as many as six months).

Question 97

The fourth step of bone repair is?

Answer 97

Bone remodeling.

Question 98

A decrease in bone mass occurs as the level of sex hormones diminishes during what age?

Answer 98

middle age (especially in women after menopause).

Question 99

There are two principal effects of aging on bone tissue. They are?

Answer 99

Loss of bone mass, and Brittleness

Question 100

Osteoporosis is a condition where bone resorption outpaces?

Answer 100

Bone deposition, Often due to depletion of calcium from the body or inadequate intake

Question 101

Starting from the diaphysis and proceeding to the epiphysis list the zones of interstitial growth.

Answer 101

Calcified Cartlidge, Hypertrophic Cartlidge, Proliferating Cartlidge and Resting Cartlidge.