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Anatomy > Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton

A

80

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2
Q

how many cranial bones

A

8

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3
Q

how many facial bones

A

14

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4
Q

how many auditory bones

A

6

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5
Q

how many bones of the vertabral column

A

26

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6
Q

function of the cranial bones

A

protect the brain and provide large areas for muscle to attach for movement

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7
Q

the function of facial bones

A

form the face and protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory system

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8
Q

function of the thorax

A
  1. protects the organs of the thoracic and superior abdominal cavities
  2. supports the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs
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9
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. form the skeleton of the trunk of the body with the ribs and the sternum
  2. provides flexible movement
  3. encloses and protects the spinal cord
  4. supports the head
  5. provides the attachment of rib, pelvic girdle and back muscles
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10
Q

how many bones does the skull contain

A

22

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11
Q

the structures that form the nasal septum

A

the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage

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12
Q

define foramina

A

openings for blood vessels, nerves and ligaments

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13
Q

define sutures

A

fiberous joints composed of very short coninuous connective tissue that unites wavy edges of the skull bones. during youth, sutures (fontanels) permit the skull bones to grow. in adults, connective tissue in the sutures is replaced by bone tissue to form solid bonry joints called synostoses. sutures are immovable joints (synarthroses)

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14
Q

true formina

A

completely surronded by bone

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15
Q

false formina

A

not completely surronded by bone- ligament completes the ring

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16
Q

what lies under the occiptal bone?

A

cerebellum

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17
Q

what does the temporal bone house

A

aditory cavity

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18
Q

what is a process

A

a projection off a bone

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19
Q

what is the largest cranial fossa?

A

the posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

what does the posterior cranial fossa house?

A

cerebellum, pons, mendulla oblongata

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21
Q

what does the anterior cranial fossa house?

A

the frontal lobes

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22
Q

what does the middle cranial fossa house?

A

temporal lobes, cerebral hemishperes and the pituitary gland

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23
Q

how is the hyoid bone attached

A
  • doesnt atriculate with anyother bone

- suspended from the styloid process for the temporal bone by ligaments and muscles

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24
Q

what is the function of the hyloid bone

A
  • supports the tounge

- provides and attachment site for muscles of the tongue, neck and pharynx

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25
Q

The roof of your mouth (hard palate) is formed by which two bones?

A

palatine and maxilla

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26
Q

Which bone contains the external auditory meatus?

A

temporal

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27
Q

Which two bones contribute to forming the nasal septum?

A

vomer and ethmoid

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28
Q

The ___________ is a rounded projection that serves as an attachment point for several neck muscles.

A

mastoid

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29
Q

This cranial bone is shaped like a butterfly.

A

sphenoid

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30
Q

What vital structure is protected by the sella turcica portion of the sphenoid bone?

A

pituitary

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31
Q

The ________ bone connects to all other cranial bones, thus giving it the nickname “keystone”.

A

sphenoid

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32
Q

Olfactory nerves travel through small holes in which bone?

A

ethmoid

33
Q

What structure(s) make up the nasal septum?

A
  1. vomer
  2. ethmoid
  3. septal cartilage
34
Q

These paired bones are the smallest bones of the face.

A

lacrimal

35
Q

Dentist inject anesthetics into the mental nerve , near this structure.

A

mental foramen

36
Q

The auditory ossicles and the _________ are the only freely moving bones in your skull.

A

mandible

37
Q

What is the relation of the hyoid bone to the larynx?

A

it lies above the larnyx

38
Q

the number of cervical vertebrea

A

7

39
Q

the number of thoraxic vertebrea

A

12

40
Q

the number of lumbar vertebrea

A

5

41
Q

the number of fused vertebrea that make up the scacrum

A

5

42
Q

the number of fused coccygeal vertebrae that make up the coccyx

A

4

43
Q

which curves of the adult vertebral column are concave (relative to the anterior side of the body)

A
  • thoracic

- sacral

44
Q

which curves of the adult vertebral column are convex (relative to the anterior side of the body)

A
  • cervical

- lumbar

45
Q

what are the functions of the curves in the vertebral column

A

The curves of the vertebral column increase its strength, help maintain balance in the upright position, absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture.

46
Q

what are primary curves

A

-thoracic and sacral

47
Q

what are secondary curves

A
  • cervical and lumbar
  • cervical is formed about 3 months after birth when the baby begins to hold it’s head up
  • lumbar is formed when the child begins to sit, stand and walk
  • the curves are fully developed by the age of 10
48
Q

describe the structure of the inter vertebral disk

A
  • fibrous outter ring made of fibrocartilage called annulus fibrous
  • nucleus pulposus- inner soft, pulpy substance
49
Q

scoliosis

A

a lateral bending of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region

50
Q

kyphosis

A

is an increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column

51
Q

lordosis

A

sometimes called hollow or sway back, is an increase in the lumbar curve of the vertebral column

52
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral and intervertebral foramina?

A

The vertebral foramina enclose the spinal cord; the intervertebral foramina provide spaces for spinal nerves to exit the vertebral column.

53
Q

name the seven processes on a typical vertebrea

A
  1. transverse processes (x2)
  2. spinous processes (x1)
  3. inferior articuar processes
  4. supirior articular processes
54
Q

the yes bone is the?

A

atlas (C1)

55
Q

the no bone is the?

A

axis (C2)

56
Q

the superior articular faucets articulate with which part of the scull?

A

the occipital condials forming the atlanto-occipital joints

57
Q

what makes cervical vertebrae different from other thoracic vertebrae?

A
  1. smaller bodies (less weight to support)
  2. their transverse processes each contain transverse foramen through which a vertebral artery and it’s vein as well as nerve fibre pass.
  3. the spinous processes of C2 through C6 are bifid (their tips branch off into two small projections)
  4. largest vertebral foramen- houses the vertebral enlargment of the spinal cord
58
Q

the vertebral notch creates what?

A

creates a false vertebral foramen

59
Q

thoracic vertebrae can be identified by:

A
  1. COSTAL FACETS
    - form synovial joints with the tubricals of the ribs
  2. Movements of the thoracic region are limited by thin intervertebral discs and by the attachment of the ribs to the sternum.
60
Q

what are the distingishing features of the lumbar vertebrae

A
  1. spinous process is short and blunt
  2. transverse process is large and blunt
  3. large intervertebral dick and body
61
Q

how would you determine the rib # if you knew the vertebrae #?

A

the number of the inferior vertebrae (ie. attached to T2 and T3 = rib number 3)

62
Q

what ligament conects the lamina between two vertebrae

A

ligamentum flavum

63
Q

what ligament runs all the way down the spinal column and stops the vertebrae from fish tailing?

A

supraspinous ligament

64
Q

which ligament attaches one spinous process to another?

A

interpinous ligament

65
Q

which ligament covers the anterior body of the vertebrae and prevents hyper extension?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

66
Q

the posterior longitudinal ligament does what where?

A
  • prevents hyper flexion

- lines the anterior side of the vertebral cannal

67
Q

which ribs of the sternum articulate dirrectly or indirrectly to the sternum

A

2-10

68
Q

what are the two main joints on the sternum?

A

the sternoclavicular joint (attach to the clavical at the suprasternal notches)
- sternocoastal joints (with the costal cartalge of the ribs)

69
Q

when does the xiphoid process turn from hyaline cartalage to bone?

A

not until the age of 40

70
Q

How does a rib articulate with a thoracic vertebra?

A

The facet on the head of a rib fits into a facet on the body of a vertebra, and the articular part of the tubercle of a rib articulates with the facet of the transverse process of a vertebra

71
Q

which ribs are “true” ribs?

A

1-7

72
Q

which ribs are “false’ ribs?

A

8-10

73
Q

which ribs are floating?

A

11 and 12

74
Q

the sternal angle (joint between the manubrium and the body) creates what kind of joint?

A

hinge joint

75
Q

what makes the first rib unique?

A

The superior surface of the first rib has two shallow grooves, one for the subclavian vein and one for the subclavian artery and inferior trunk of the brachial plexus.

76
Q

the procces of sacral vertabrae fusion usually comes by age?

A

30

77
Q

true or false? the maxilla and the mandible articulate

A

false

78
Q

the skeleton of the thorax:

A
  1. is formed by 12 pairs of ribs, costal cartilage, the sternum, 12 thoracic vertebra
  2. protects the internal chest organs as well as the liver
  3. is narrower at the superior end
  4. aids in supporting the bones of the shoulder girdle

Anatomy (15 decks)

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