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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 7 (test two) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 (test two) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plant scientists are tweaking the basic chemistry of (blank) to create commercially important oils and fuels.

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

All life on Earth depends on

A

solar energy.

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3
Q 
Photosynthetic organisms (blank) transform solar energy into the chemical energy of (blank)
Called (blank) because they produce their own food
A

(algae, plants, and cyanobacteria); carbohydrates.

autotrophs

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4
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

A process that captures solar energy, transforms solar energy into chemical energy , and energy ends up stored in a carbohydrate

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5
Q 
Photosynthesizers produce (blank) energy.
Feed themselves as well as (blank)
A

food; heterotrophs

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6
Q

Heterotrophs are also known as

A

consumers

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7
Q

Both (blank) use organic molecules produced by photosynthesis as a source of chemical energy for cellular work.

A

autotrophs and heterotrophs

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8
Q

photosynthesis takes place in the (blank) portion of plants

A

green

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9
Q

the leaf of flowering plants contain (blank) tissue

A

mesophyll

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10
Q

cells containing (blank) are specialized to carry out photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

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11
Q

the raw materials for photosynthesis are

A

carbon dioxide and water

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12
Q

(blank) absorb water that moves up through vascular tissue

A

roots

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13
Q

carbon dioxide enters a leaf through small openings called (blank) and diffuses into chloroplasts in (blank) cells

A

stomata; mesophyll

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14
Q

The (blank) membranes of chloroplasts contain (blank) and other pigments that can absorb solar energy that drives photosynthesis

A

thylakoid; chlorophyll

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15
Q

(blank) are energized during photosynthesis

A

electrons

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16
Q

carbon dioxide is reduced to form a

A

carbohydrate

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17
Q

in the (blank), carbon dioxide combines with water to form (blank)

A

stroma; glucose

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18
Q

light reactions take place only in the place of

A

light

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19
Q

light reactions are energy (blank) reactions

A

capturing

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20
Q

LR: Chlorophyll absorbs (blank) and this energizes (blank)

A

solar energy; electrons

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21
Q

LR: electrons move down an
this pumps H+ into (blank)
this is used to make (blank) out of (blank) and (blank) out of (blank)

A

electron transport chain
thylakoids
ATP out of ADP; NADPH out of NADP

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22
Q

Calvin cycle reactions take place in the

A

stroma

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23
Q

CC: carbon dioxide is reduced to a

A

carbohydrate

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24
Q

CC reactions use (blank) and (blank) to produce carbohydrate

A

ATP and NADPH

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25
Q

CC Reactions were named after

A

Melvin Calvin

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26
Q

In photosynthesis (blank) is reduced and (blank) is oxidized

A

carbon dioxide; water

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27
Q

Chemicals that absorb certain wavelengths of light are

A

pigments

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28
Q

Wavelengths that are not absorbed by pigments are

A

reflected/transmitted

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29
Q

Pigments found in (blank) absorb various portions of visible light.

A

chlorophyll

30
Q

An (blank) is a graph showing relative absorption of the various colors of the rainbow.

A

absorption spectrum

31
Q

Chlorophyll is green because

A

it absorbs much of the reds and blues of white light and reflects green light.

32
Q

accessory pigments which absorb light in the violet-blue-green range and reflect yellow and orange light.

A

Carotenoids

33
Q

The light reactions consist of two alternate electron pathways

A

Noncyclic pathway

Cyclic pathway

34
Q

Light reactions capture light energy with

A

photosystems I and II

35
Q

A (blank) is a pigment complex that helps collect solar energy, like an antenna.

A

photosystem

36
Q

Photosystems are located in the

A

thylakoid membranes

37
Q

Both cyclic and noncyclic pathways produce

A

ATP

38
Q

The noncyclic pathway also produces

A

NADPH

39
Q

Noncyclic pathway takes place in the

A

thylakoid membrane

40
Q

Noncyclic pathway uses two

A

photosystems I and II

41
Q

Noncyclic pathway: PS II captures

A

light energy

42
Q

Noncyclic pathway begins with photosystem (blank)

which causes electrons to be ejected from the (blank)

A

II

reaction center; chlorophyll a

43
Q

Noncyclic pathway: electron travels down (blank) to (blank)

Replaced with an electron from (blank) which is split to form (blank)

A

electron transport chain; PS I

water; oxygen and H+

44
Q

Noncyclic pathway: H+ accumulates in the (blank location)

The H+ gradient is used to produce (blank)

A

thylakoid chambers; ATP

45
Q

Noncyclic pathway; (blank) captures light energy and ejects an electron
The electron is transferred permanently to a molecule of (blank)
This causes (blank) production

A

PS I
NADP+
NADPH

46
Q

PS II consists of (blank) and (blank)
it receives electrons from the splitting of (blank)
(blank) is rejected as a gas

A

pigment complex and electron acceptors
water
oxygen

47
Q

The electron transport chain consists of (blank) and (blank)
it carries electrons between (blank) and (blank)
also pumps H+ from the (blank) into the (blank) space

A

cytochrome complexes and plastoquinone
PS II and PS I
stroma; thylakoid

48
Q

The PS I has a (blank) and (blank)

adjacent to the enzyme that reduces (blank) to (blank)

A

pigment complex and electron acceptors

NADP+ to NADPH

49
Q

ATP synthase complex has a channel for (blank) flow

this flow through the channel drives ATP synthase to join (blank) and (blank) to each other

A

H+

ADP and P

50
Q

The thylakoid space acts as. a reservoir for

A

hydrogen ions

51
Q

Each time water is oxidized, (blank) remains in the thylakoid space

A

two H+

52
Q

transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain yields (blank)
This is used to pump H+ across the (blank)
(blank) move from the stroma to the thylakoid space

A

energy
thylakoid membrane
protons

53
Q

The flow of H+ back across the thylakoid membrane energizes

A

ATP synthase

54
Q

ATP synthase enzymatically produces (blank) from ADP + P . This method is called (blanK) because its tied to the establishment of an H+ gradient

A

ATP; chemiosmosis

55
Q 
Plants Fix Carbon Dioxide. a (blank) series of reactions 
utilizes atmospheric (blank) to produce carbohydrate 
known as (blank) photosynthesis
A

cyclical; carbon dioxide; C3

56
Q

three stages of C3 photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reductio, RuBP regeneration

57
Q

CO2 is attached to 5-carbon (blank) by the enzyme (blank)
Results in a (blank) carbon molecule
Reaction is accelerated by (blank)
CO2 is now fixed because it’s part of a (blank)

A

RuBP; RuBP carboxylase
6
RUBP carboxylase (Rubisco)
carbohydrate

58
Q

3PG is reduced to (blank) which is reduced to (blank)
(blank) and (blank) are required for this stage
This stage utilizes (blank) and some (blank) produced in the light reactions
(blank) is then reduced and chemically able to store more energy and form larger organic molecules

A

BPG; G3P
electrons and energy
NADPH and ATP
G3P

59
Q

(blank) used in CO2 fixation must be replaced

A

RuPB

60
Q

every (blank) turn of the Calvin cycle (blank) G3P (3-carbon molecule) are used to remake (blank) RuPB (5-carbon molecule)

A

3; 5; 3

61
Q

hydrocarbon Skeleton of G3P can form (5)

A 
Fatty acids and glycerol to make plant oils
Glucose phosphate (simple sugar)
Fructose (which with glucose = sucrose)
Starch and cellulose
Amino acids
62
Q

The majority of plants use (blank) photosynthesis

These use RuPB carboxylase to fix (blank) to (blank) in mesophyll cells

A

C3; CO2 to RuPB

63
Q

in hot dry climates (blank). must close to avoid wilting
(blank) decreases and (blank) increases
(blank) starts combining with RuBP leading to the production of (blank)
This is called

A

stomata
CO2; O2
O2; CO2
photorespiration

64
Q

(blank) plants avoid photorespiration

fix CO2 to

A

C4

PEP, a C4 molecule

65
Q

CAM photosynthesis stands for

A

Crassulacean-acid metabolism

66
Q

CAM plants partition (blank) by time

A

carbon fixation

67
Q

During the night, CAM plants fix (blank) and form (blank) which are stored in large (blank)

A

CO2; C4 molecules; vacuoles

68
Q

During the day for CAM plants, (blank) and (blank) are available
(blank) are closed for water conservation
C4 molecules release (blank) to Calvin cycle

A

NADPH and ATP
stomata
CO2

69
Q

C4 plants most adapted to

A

high light intensities, high temperatures, limited rainfall

70
Q

C3 plants better adapted to

A

cold temp, high moisture

71
Q

CAM plants are better adapted to extreme
occurs in 23 families of
also found among

A

aridity
flowering plants
nonflowering plants

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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