Chapter 7 (test two) Flashcards
Plant scientists are tweaking the basic chemistry of (blank) to create commercially important oils and fuels.
photosynthesis
All life on Earth depends on
solar energy.
Photosynthetic organisms (blank) transform solar energy into the chemical energy of (blank) Called (blank) because they produce their own food
(algae, plants, and cyanobacteria); carbohydrates.
autotrophs
What is photosynthesis?
A process that captures solar energy, transforms solar energy into chemical energy , and energy ends up stored in a carbohydrate
Photosynthesizers produce (blank) energy. Feed themselves as well as (blank)
food; heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are also known as
consumers
Both (blank) use organic molecules produced by photosynthesis as a source of chemical energy for cellular work.
autotrophs and heterotrophs
photosynthesis takes place in the (blank) portion of plants
green
the leaf of flowering plants contain (blank) tissue
mesophyll
cells containing (blank) are specialized to carry out photosynthesis
chloroplasts
the raw materials for photosynthesis are
carbon dioxide and water
(blank) absorb water that moves up through vascular tissue
roots
carbon dioxide enters a leaf through small openings called (blank) and diffuses into chloroplasts in (blank) cells
stomata; mesophyll
The (blank) membranes of chloroplasts contain (blank) and other pigments that can absorb solar energy that drives photosynthesis
thylakoid; chlorophyll
(blank) are energized during photosynthesis
electrons
carbon dioxide is reduced to form a
carbohydrate
in the (blank), carbon dioxide combines with water to form (blank)
stroma; glucose
light reactions take place only in the place of
light
light reactions are energy (blank) reactions
capturing
LR: Chlorophyll absorbs (blank) and this energizes (blank)
solar energy; electrons
LR: electrons move down an
this pumps H+ into (blank)
this is used to make (blank) out of (blank) and (blank) out of (blank)
electron transport chain
thylakoids
ATP out of ADP; NADPH out of NADP
Calvin cycle reactions take place in the
stroma
CC: carbon dioxide is reduced to a
carbohydrate
CC reactions use (blank) and (blank) to produce carbohydrate
ATP and NADPH
CC Reactions were named after
Melvin Calvin
In photosynthesis (blank) is reduced and (blank) is oxidized
carbon dioxide; water
Chemicals that absorb certain wavelengths of light are
pigments
Wavelengths that are not absorbed by pigments are
reflected/transmitted
Pigments found in (blank) absorb various portions of visible light.
chlorophyll
An (blank) is a graph showing relative absorption of the various colors of the rainbow.
absorption spectrum
Chlorophyll is green because
it absorbs much of the reds and blues of white light and reflects green light.
accessory pigments which absorb light in the violet-blue-green range and reflect yellow and orange light.
Carotenoids
The light reactions consist of two alternate electron pathways
Noncyclic pathway
Cyclic pathway
Light reactions capture light energy with
photosystems I and II
A (blank) is a pigment complex that helps collect solar energy, like an antenna.
photosystem
Photosystems are located in the
thylakoid membranes
Both cyclic and noncyclic pathways produce
ATP
The noncyclic pathway also produces
NADPH
Noncyclic pathway takes place in the
thylakoid membrane
Noncyclic pathway uses two
photosystems I and II
Noncyclic pathway: PS II captures
light energy
Noncyclic pathway begins with photosystem (blank)
which causes electrons to be ejected from the (blank)
II
reaction center; chlorophyll a
Noncyclic pathway: electron travels down (blank) to (blank)
Replaced with an electron from (blank) which is split to form (blank)
electron transport chain; PS I
water; oxygen and H+
Noncyclic pathway: H+ accumulates in the (blank location)
The H+ gradient is used to produce (blank)
thylakoid chambers; ATP
Noncyclic pathway; (blank) captures light energy and ejects an electron
The electron is transferred permanently to a molecule of (blank)
This causes (blank) production
PS I
NADP+
NADPH
PS II consists of (blank) and (blank)
it receives electrons from the splitting of (blank)
(blank) is rejected as a gas
pigment complex and electron acceptors
water
oxygen
The electron transport chain consists of (blank) and (blank)
it carries electrons between (blank) and (blank)
also pumps H+ from the (blank) into the (blank) space
cytochrome complexes and plastoquinone
PS II and PS I
stroma; thylakoid
The PS I has a (blank) and (blank)
adjacent to the enzyme that reduces (blank) to (blank)
pigment complex and electron acceptors
NADP+ to NADPH
ATP synthase complex has a channel for (blank) flow
this flow through the channel drives ATP synthase to join (blank) and (blank) to each other
H+
ADP and P
The thylakoid space acts as. a reservoir for
hydrogen ions
Each time water is oxidized, (blank) remains in the thylakoid space
two H+
transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain yields (blank)
This is used to pump H+ across the (blank)
(blank) move from the stroma to the thylakoid space
energy
thylakoid membrane
protons
The flow of H+ back across the thylakoid membrane energizes
ATP synthase
ATP synthase enzymatically produces (blank) from ADP + P . This method is called (blanK) because its tied to the establishment of an H+ gradient
ATP; chemiosmosis
Plants Fix Carbon Dioxide. a (blank) series of reactions utilizes atmospheric (blank) to produce carbohydrate known as (blank) photosynthesis
cyclical; carbon dioxide; C3
three stages of C3 photosynthesis
carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reductio, RuBP regeneration
CO2 is attached to 5-carbon (blank) by the enzyme (blank)
Results in a (blank) carbon molecule
Reaction is accelerated by (blank)
CO2 is now fixed because it’s part of a (blank)
RuBP; RuBP carboxylase
6
RUBP carboxylase (Rubisco)
carbohydrate
3PG is reduced to (blank) which is reduced to (blank)
(blank) and (blank) are required for this stage
This stage utilizes (blank) and some (blank) produced in the light reactions
(blank) is then reduced and chemically able to store more energy and form larger organic molecules
BPG; G3P
electrons and energy
NADPH and ATP
G3P
(blank) used in CO2 fixation must be replaced
RuPB
every (blank) turn of the Calvin cycle (blank) G3P (3-carbon molecule) are used to remake (blank) RuPB (5-carbon molecule)
3; 5; 3
hydrocarbon Skeleton of G3P can form (5)
Fatty acids and glycerol to make plant oils Glucose phosphate (simple sugar) Fructose (which with glucose = sucrose) Starch and cellulose Amino acids
The majority of plants use (blank) photosynthesis
These use RuPB carboxylase to fix (blank) to (blank) in mesophyll cells
C3; CO2 to RuPB
in hot dry climates (blank). must close to avoid wilting
(blank) decreases and (blank) increases
(blank) starts combining with RuBP leading to the production of (blank)
This is called
stomata
CO2; O2
O2; CO2
photorespiration
(blank) plants avoid photorespiration
fix CO2 to
C4
PEP, a C4 molecule
CAM photosynthesis stands for
Crassulacean-acid metabolism
CAM plants partition (blank) by time
carbon fixation
During the night, CAM plants fix (blank) and form (blank) which are stored in large (blank)
CO2; C4 molecules; vacuoles
During the day for CAM plants, (blank) and (blank) are available
(blank) are closed for water conservation
C4 molecules release (blank) to Calvin cycle
NADPH and ATP
stomata
CO2
C4 plants most adapted to
high light intensities, high temperatures, limited rainfall
C3 plants better adapted to
cold temp, high moisture
CAM plants are better adapted to extreme
occurs in 23 families of
also found among
aridity
flowering plants
nonflowering plants
