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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 11 (Test 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 (Test 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

The Blending Concept of Inheritance theory:

A

This theory stated that offspring would have traits intermediate between those of the parents.

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2
Q

_______ wanted to develop a theory of evolution based on hereditary principles; blending theory was of no help.

A

Charles Darwin

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3
Q

_______ was an Austrian monk.

A

Mendel

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4
Q

Mendel formulated two fundamental laws of heredity in the early ____

A

1860s

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5
Q

Mendel had previously studied _____ and ______ at the University of _____.

A

science and mathematics; vienna

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6
Q

At the time of Mendel’s research, he was a substitute _____ teacher at a local technical high school.

A

science

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7
Q

Because Mendel had a mathematical background, he used a statistical basis for his __________

A

breeding experiments

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8
Q

Mendel’s particulate theory is based on the existence of minute particles—now called _____.

A

genes

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9
Q

Mendel chose the garden pea, _______ , because peas were easy to cultivate, had a short generation time, and could be cross-pollinated by hand.

A

Pisum sativum

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10
Q

From many varieties, Mendel chose __ true-breeding varieties for his experiments.

A

22

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11
Q

_______ varieties had all offspring like the parents and like each other.

A

True Breeding

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12
Q

Mendel confirmed that his tall plants always had tall offspring, i.e., were true-breeding, before crossing two different strains that differed in only one trait—this is called a ______.

A

monohybrid cross.

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13
Q

A ______ is between two parent organisms true-breeding for two distinct forms of one trait.

A

monohybrid cross

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14
Q

Mendel tracked each trait through ___ generations.

A

2

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15
Q

__ generation is the parental generation in a breeding experiment.

A

P

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16
Q

__ generation is the first-generation offspring in a breeding experiment.

A

F1

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17
Q

__ generation is the second-generation offspring in a breeding experiment.

A

F2

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18
Q

He performed _______ , i.e., pollen of tall plant to stigma of short plant and vice versa.

A

reciprocal crosses

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19
Q

He found that the __ plants resembled only one of the parents.

A

F1

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20
Q

Characteristics of other parents reappeared in about 1/4 of __ plants; 3/4 of offspring resembled the __ plants.

A

F1, F2

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21
Q

The laws of Segregation? (4)

A
  1. Each organism contains two factors for each trait.
  2. Factors segregate during the formation of gametes.
  3. Each gamete contains one factor for each trait.
  4. Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait.
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22
Q

The gene _____ is the specific location of alleles on homologous chromosomes.

A

Locus

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23
Q

Alternative versions of a gene are called ____

A

alleles

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24
Q

A ______ masks or hides expression of a recessive allele; it is represented by an uppercase letter.

A

Dominant allele

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25
Q

A _____ is an allele that exerts its effect only in the homozygous state; its expression is masked by a dominant allele; it is represented by a lowercase letter.

A

Recessive Allele

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26
Q

The process of _____ explains Mendel’s law of segregation.

A

meiosis

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27
Q

In Mendel’s cross, the parents were true-breeding; each parent had two identical alleles for a trait–they were ______, indicating they possess two identical alleles for a trait.

A

Homozygous

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28
Q

_________ genotypes possess two dominant alleles for a trait.

A

Homozygous Dominant

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29
Q

__________ genotypes possess two recessive alleles for a trait.

A

Homozygous recessive

30
Q

_______ genotypes possess one of each allele for a particular trait.

A

Heterozygous

31
Q

The allele not expressed in a heterozygote is a _______ allele.

A

Recessive

32
Q

_____ refers to the alleles an individual receives at fertilization (dominant, recessive).

A

Genotype

33
Q

______ refers to the physical appearance of the individual (tall, short, etc.).

A

Phenotype

34
Q

A __________ is between two parent organisms that are true-breeding for different forms of two traits; it produces offspring heterozygous for both traits.

A

Di-hybrid cross

35
Q

The ___________ only applies to alleles on different chromosomes.

A

law of independent assortment

36
Q

A ________ is used to determine the probability of genotypes and phenotypes among offspring.

A

Punnett Square

37
Q

_________ is the likely outcome a given event will occur from random chance.
a. For example, with every coin flip there is a 50% chance of heads and 50% chance of tails.

A

Probability

38
Q

The _________ of probability states that the chance of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of the probability of the events occurring separately.

A

Product rule

39
Q

The ________ of probability calculates the probability of an event that occurs in two or more independent ways; it is the sum of individual probabilities of each way an event can occur; in the above example where the phenotype unattached earlobes is dominant (EE, Ee, and eE), the chance for unattached earlobes is ¼ + ¼ + ¼ = ¾.

A

Sum Rule

40
Q

A _____ is used to determine if an individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous for a particular trait.

A

Testcross

41
Q

By Mendel performing a ______, the law of segregation was supported.

A

testcross

42
Q

A ________ is used between an individual with the dominant phenotype and an individual with the recessive phenotype to see if the individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.

A

one trait testcross

43
Q

A ________ tests if individuals showing two dominant characteristics are homozygous for both or for one trait only, or heterozygous for both.

A

two trait testcross

44
Q

In ________ genetics problems, the individual has four alleles, two for each trait.

A

dihybrid

45
Q

Genetic disorders are medical conditions caused by a ______ of alleles on the autosomal chromosomes.

A

Single pair

46
Q

An _____ is any chromosome other than a sex (X or Y) chromosome.

A

autosome

47
Q

In a pedigree chart, males are designated by _____, females by _____

A

squares; circles

48
Q

A _____ is a heterozygous individual with no apparent abnormality but able to pass on an allele for a recessively-inherited genetic disorder.

A

Carrier

49
Q

Relatively harmless disorder resulting from an accumulation of methemoglobin in the blood.

  • Cause and genetic link still remain a mystery.
  • Symptoms include bluish-purple skin due to inability to clear abnormal blue protein from blood.
A

Methemoglobinemia

50
Q

People with methemoglobinemia lack the enzyme diaphorase, which is coded for by a gene on chromosome 22.

A

methemoglobinemia

51
Q

This is the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians in the U.S.

A

Cystic fibrosis

52
Q

About 1 in 20 Caucasians is a carrier, and about 1 in 3,000 newborns have this disorder.

A

Cystic fibrosis

53
Q

Autosomal Recessive Disorders:

A

Methemoglobinemia and Cystic fibrosis

54
Q

Autosomal Dominant Disorders:

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta and hereditary Spherocytosis

55
Q

This is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects one in 5,000 newborns and is distributed equally around the world.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

56
Q

Affected individuals have weakened brittle bones. Additional symptoms include unusual blue tint in the sclera of the eye, reduced skin elasticity, weakened teeth, and sometimes heart valve abnormalities.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

57
Q

This genetic blood disorder results from a defective copy of a gene found on chromosome 8.
-Symptoms include: spherical shape of red blood cells, and enlarged spleen.

A

Hereditary Spherocytosis

58
Q

________ is exhibited when the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between that of either homozygote.

A

Incomplete dominance

59
Q

True-breeding red and white-flowered four-o’clocks produce ____-flowered offspring.

A

pink

60
Q

In _________ the dominant allele does not always determine the phenotype of the individual.

A

incomplete penetrance

61
Q

________ is an example of incomplete penetrance.

A

polydactyly

62
Q

________ describes a gene that affects more than one characteristic of an individual.

A

Pleiotropy

63
Q

_________ examples include Marfan syndrome, porphyria, and sickle-cell anemia.

A

Pleiotropy

64
Q

Marfan syndrome?

A
  • The mutated gene is on chromosome 15.

- Symptoms include disproportionately long arms, legs, hands, and feet; weakened aorta; poor eyesight.

65
Q

Porphyria?

A
  • This disease is caused by a chemical insufficiency in the production of hemoglobin.
  • Symptoms include photosensitivity, strong abdominal pain, port-wine-colored urine, and paralysis in the arms and legs.
66
Q

Sickle-cell anemia?

A
  • This disease is the most common inherited disorder in African Americans, affecting about 1 in 500.
  • The gene is on chromosome 11.
  • In affected individuals, the red blood cells are shaped like sickles—an abnormal hemoglobin molecule, Hbs, causes the defect.
67
Q

_________ occurs when one trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles

A

Polygenic inheritance

68
Q

_________ are controlled by many genes and may be influenced by environmental factors.

A

Polygenic traits

69
Q

An ______ gene is any gene located on the X chromosome; term is used to describe genes on the X chromosome that are missing on the Y chromosome.

A

X-linked

70
Q

_______- have an XY sex chromosome system similar to the human system; experiments can be correlated to the human situation.

A

fruit flies

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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