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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 4 (Exam Two) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (Exam Two) Flashcards

1
Q

The cellular level of organization. A detailed study of the cell in what year? This is a (blank) concept in biology

A

1830’s; unifying

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2
Q

Detailed studies of the cell originated from the works of biologists (blank) and (blank) in what years?

A

Schleiden and Schwann in 1838-1839

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3
Q

In the cell theory, what two scientists came up the concept that organisms are composed of cells? (country, type of scientist)

A

German botanist; Matthias Schneiden

German zoologist Theodor Schwann

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4
Q

In the cell theory, what scientist came up with the concept all cells come only from preexisting cells because
cells are self-reproducing? (country, type of scientist)

A

German physician Rudolph Virchow

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5
Q

Cells range in size from what to what in diameter?

A

one millimeter (mm) down to one micrometer (μm) in diameter.

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6
Q

Cells need a large surface area of plasma membrane to

A

to adequately exchange materials.

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7
Q

What does the surface-area-to-volume ratio require?

A

that cells be small

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8
Q

What is the surface-area-to-volume ratio in large cells?

A

surface area relative to volume decreases which also decreases the efficiency of transporting materials in and out of the cell

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9
Q

What is the surface-area-to-volume ratio in small cells?

A

Small cells – larger surface-area-to-volume ratio is advantageous for exchanging molecules

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10
Q

How do we see through a compound light microscope?

A

Light is passed through the specimen. Then it is focused by a series of glass lenses. It forms an image on the human retina.

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11
Q

In a compound light microscope, the maximum magnification is about

A

1000X

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12
Q 
The compound light microscope resolves objects
separated by (blank) μm,. How much better is this than the human eye?
A

0.2, 500X better than the human eye (Assuming the resolving power of the human eye is 1.0)

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13
Q

How do we see through a Transmission Electron Microscope? (3 steps)

A
  1. Electrons are passed through specimen and then they are focused by a set of magnetic lenses.
  2. An image is formed on a fluorescent screen similar
    to a TV screen.
  3. The image is then photographed.
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14
Q

What provides greater magnification, a compound light microscope or a TEM microscope?

A

TEM

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15
Q

TEM microscope resolves objects separated by (blank) μm,. How much better is this than the human eye?

A

0.0002, 100,000X better than human eye.

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16
Q

How do we see through a Scanning Electron Microscope? 6 steps

A
  1. The specimen is sprayed with a thin coat of metal.
  2. Then an electron beam is scanned across the surface of the specimen.
  3. The surface metal emits secondary electrons.
  4. The emitted electrons are detected and focused by magnetic lenses.
  5. A 3-dimensional image is formed on a fluorescent screen similar to a TV screen.
  6. Image is then photographed
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17
Q

Magnification is the ratio between?

A

the size of an image and its actual size.

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18
Q

Resolution in a microscope?

A

the minimum distance between two objects that allows them to be seen as two separate objects.

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19
Q

Contrast in a microscope?

A

the difference in shading of an object compared to its background.

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20
Q

(blank) can be bent (refracted) and focused as they pass through glass, but (blank) can’t

A

light rays; electrons

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21
Q

How are electrons seen through the glass in a microscope? 2 steps

A
  1. Electrons have a charge and can be focused by
    electromagnetic lenses.
  2. The electrons leaving the specimen are then directed to a screen or photographic plate, which is sensitive to electrons which can be viewed by humans.
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22
Q

How does confocal microscopy work? 5 steps

A
  1. A narrow laser beam is scanned across a transparent specimen.
  2. The beam is focused on one very thin plane in the
    cell.
  3. A microscopist can “optically section” a specimen by
    focusing up and down.
  4. Sections are made at different levels.
  5. This allows assembly of a 3-dimensional electronic image on a computer screen that can be displayed and rotated on the screen.
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23
Q

How does Video-Enhanced Contrast Microscopy work? 4 steps

A
  1. The microscope image can be recorded by a TV
    camera.
  2. In video-enhanced contrast microscopy, a TV camera converts the light image into an electronic image, which is entered into computer.
  3. The computer makes the darkest areas of the image darker and the lightest areas lighter.
  4. The result is a high-contrast image which can be manipulated further for greater contrast.
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24
Q

Prokaryotic lack a what?

A

membrane bound nucleus

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25
Q

Prokaryotic cells are what compared to eukaryotic?

A

smaller and simpler

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26
Q

Prokaryotic cells are placed in what two taxonomic

domains?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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27
Q

What do prokaryotic cells in Domain Bacteria do?

A

Cause diseases but are also environmentally important as
decomposers
Can be useful in manufacturing products and drugs

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28
Q

What do prokaryotic cells in Domain Archaea do?

A

live in extreme habitats

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29
Q

How are two prokaryotic domains similar different?

A

structurally similar but biochemically different

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30
Q

A prokaryotic cell can come in what 3 basic shapes?

A

Spherical coccus
Rod-shaped bacillus
Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible)

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31
Q

The cell envelope in a prokaryotic cell includes what 3 stuctures?

A

plasma membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx

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32
Q

The plasma membrane in the cell envelope in the prokaryotic cell is what?

A

lipid bilayer with embedded and peripheral proteins

Can form internal pouches (mesosomes), which increase surface area

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33
Q

The cell wall in the cell envelope of a prokaryotic cell is what?

A

maintains the shape of the cell and is strengthened by

peptidoglycan

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34
Q

The glycocalyx in the cell envelope of a prokaryotic cell is what?

A

layer of polysaccharides on the outside of the cell wall

Well organized and resistant to removal (capsule)

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35
Q

Name prokaryotic cytoplasm (4) and external structures (3)

A

Cytoplasm, Nucleoids, Plasmids, Ribosomes

External structure: flagella, fimbriae, conjugation pili

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36
Q

Describe cytoplasm in a prokaryotic cell

A

Semifluid solution
Encased by plasma membrane
Contains water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes

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37
Q

Describe nucleoids in a prokaryotic cell

A

a region that contains the single, circular DNA molecule.

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38
Q

Describe plasmids in a prokaryotic cell

A

small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA.

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39
Q

Describe ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell

A

tiny structures in the cytoplasm that synthesize proteins.

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40
Q

Describe flagella on a prokaryotic cell

A

they provide motility

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41
Q

Describe fimbriae on a prokaryotic cell

A

small, bristle-like fibers that sprout from the cell surface

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42
Q

Describe conjugation pili on a prokaryotic cell

A

rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA from cell to cell (singular pilius)

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43
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain what? What distinguishes it from a prokaryotic cell?

A

Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
Specialized organelles
Plasma membrane
The first two distinguish eukaryotic from prokaryotic cells

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44
Q

What does the plasma membrane do in a eukaryotic cell? (3)

A

separates cell contents from environment
regulates passage of materials in and out
is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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45
Q

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized. What does this mean?

A

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized.
They contain small structures called organelles which perform specific functions and isolate reactions from other reactions

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46
Q

The fossil record suggest that the first cells were

A

prokaryotes.

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47
Q

Biochemical data shows eukaryotes are more closely related to what than what?

A

archaea than bacteria.

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48
Q

The nucleus is believed to have evolved by

A

invagination of the plasma membrane.

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49
Q

The invagination process also explains origins of what two things?

A

endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi.

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50
Q

Energy organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts, may

have originated when. What is this theory called?

A

a eukaryotic cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cell would have benefitted the from ability to utilize oxygen or synthesize organic food.
Endosymbiotic theory

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51
Q

two classes of organelles?

A

Endomembrane system and Energy-related organelles

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52
Q

What type of organelles are in the endomembrane system?

A

Organelles that communicate with one another
Via membrane channels
Via small vesicles

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53
Q

What type of organelles are in the energy-related organelles?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Independent and self-sufficient

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54
Q

The cell is a system of interconnected (blank) that work together.

A

organelles

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55
Q

Production of specific molecules takes place in or

on organelles by

A

enzymes in membranes

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56
Q

Products are transported around cell by

A

vesicles

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57
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Sacs made of membrane material

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58
Q

Vesicles move around using

A

cytoskeletal network.

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59
Q

Plant cells, fungi, and many protists have this organelle

A

cell wall

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60
Q

Plant cell walls contain

A

cellulose, a structural polysaccharide

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61
Q

The nucleus is the

A

command center of cell, usually near center

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62
Q

The nucleus is separated from cytoplasm by

A

nuclear envelope

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63
Q

The nuclear envelope consists of

A

double layer of membrane

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64
Q

in the nuclear envelope, (blank) permit exchange between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

A

nuclear pores

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65
Q

The nucleus contains (blank) in semifluid (blank)

A

chromatin; nucleoplasm

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66
Q

Chromatin contains (2)

A

proteins and nucleic acids

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67
Q

chromatin condenses to form

A

chromosomes

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68
Q

chromosomes are formed during (blank) and are carriers of (blank)

A

cell division; genetic information

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69
Q

The nucleus has a dark nucleolus composed of

70
Q

Ribosomes are composed of

71
Q

rRNA consist of

A

a large subunit and a small subunit.

Subunits are made in nucleolus.

72
Q

Ribosomes may be located:

A

on the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it “rough”), or free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes.

73
Q

Ribosomes are the site of

A

protein synthesis in the cell

74
Q

In the process of transcription and translation information for the gene is copied into (blank) which is exported into the (blank)

A

mRNA; cytoplasm

75
Q

(blank) receive the mRNA with a coded message from DNA with the correct sequence of amino acids to make a protein.

76
Q

proteins synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes stay in (blank) ; those by attached ribosomes end up in (blank)

A

cytoplasm; ER

77
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology is

A

the DNA-mRNA-protein sequence of events

78
Q

The Endomembrane System is a series of

A

intracellular membranes that compartmentalize the cell

79
Q

The Endomembrane System restrict

A

enzymatic reactions to specific compartments within cell

80
Q

The Endomembrane System consists of (4)

A

Nuclear envelope
Membranes of endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles

81
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a system of

A

membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

82
Q

The Rough ER is studded with

A

ribosomes on cytoplasmic side

83
Q

The Rough ER is the site of (blank) which what?

A

Protein anabolism

84
Q

Protein anabolism synthesizes, modifies and processes (blank)
Adds (blank) to proteins
Results in (blank)

A

proteins; sugar; glycoproteins

85
Q

The Rough ER forms

A

transport vesicles

86
Q

the Smooth ER has no

87
Q

The Smooth ER contains the synthesis of

88
Q

The Smooth ER is the site of

A

arious synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage

89
Q

Like the Rough ER, the Smooth ER forms

A

transport vesicles

90
Q

The Golgi Apparatus is named for

A

Camillo Golgi

91
Q

The Golgi Apparatus consists of

A

flattened, curved saccules

92
Q

The Golgi Apparatus modifies (blank) and (blank) with what?

A

proteins and lipids with “signal” sequences

93
Q

The Golgi Apparatus receives (blank) from what?

A

vesicles from ER on cis (or inner) face

94
Q

After modification, the Golgi Apparatus prepares for “shipment” and packages (blank) in (blank) that leave Golgi from (blank) (or outer) face

A

proteins and lipids; vesicles; trans

95
Q

After modification, prepares for “shipment” and packages proteins and lipids in vesicles that leave Golgi from trans (or outer) face. What happens to them? (3)

A

Some transported to locations within cell
Some exported from cell (secretion, exocytosis)
Others returned to ER or merged with plasma membrane

96
Q

Lysosomes are not found in

97
Q

Lysosomes are (blank) vesicles

A

membrane-bound

98
Q

Lysosomes are produced by

A

the Golgi apparatus

99
Q

Lysosomes contain (blank) that are highly (blank)

A

digestive enzymes ; acidic

100
Q

Lysosomes digest (blank) into (blank)

A

large molecules into simpler subunits

101
Q

lysosomes recycle

A

cellular resources

102
Q

Lysosomes, In white blood cells

A

engulf pathogens

103
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases are caused by (blank)

example

A

defect in lysosomal enzyme

Tay-Sachs

104
Q

Endomembrane System: (blank) produced in rough ER and (blank) from smooth ER are carried in (blank) to the (blank) which modifies these products and then sorts and packages them into vesicles that go to various cell destinations. (blank) vesicles carry products to the membrane where (blank) produces secretions. (blank) fuse with incoming vesicles and digest (blank)

A

proteins; lipids; vesicles; Golgi Apparatus; secretory; exocytosis. Lysosomes; macromolecules

105
Q

(blank) contain specialized enzymes to perform special metabolic functions. Example?

A

microbodies; peroxisomes

106
Q

Peroxisomes are similar to

107
Q

peroxisomes are (blank) vesicles

A

membrane-bound

108
Q

Peroxisomes enclose

109
Q

Lack of peroxisomal membrane protein results in

110
Q

Peroxisomes are active in

A

lipid metabolism

111
Q

Peroxisomes catalyze reactions that produce (blank) which is broken down to water and oxygen by (blank)

A

hydrogen peroxide; catalase

112
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles

113
Q

Vacuoles (blank) materials that occur in excess

114
Q

Plants cells typically have a (blank) vacuole

115
Q

The central vacuole functions in the storage of what? (4)

A

water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products

116
Q

Central vacuole functions in the development of

A

turgor pressure

117
Q

Central vacuole functions in (blank) used for protection by some herbivores

A

toxic substances

118
Q

Central vacuoles perform some functions normally done by (blank) for other eukaryotes

119
Q

Chloroplasts are bounded by a

A

double membrane

120
Q

In Chloroplasts, the inner membrane is

121
Q

The inner membrane in chloroplasts form disc-like (blank) which are stacked to form (blank). It is suspended in semi-fluid (blank)

A

thylakoids, grana, stroma

122
Q

The chloroplast is green due to

A

chlorophyll

123
Q

what is chlorophyll? where is it?

A

Green photosynthetic pigment; Found ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast

124
Q

Chloroplasts are a type of

125
Q

Chloroplasts serve as the site of

A

photosynthesis

126
Q

Chloroplasts captures (blank) to drive cellular machinery

A

light energy

127
Q

In photosynthesis, synthesizes (blank) from (blank)

A

carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water

128
Q

In photosynthesis, food is made using

A

carbon dioxide

129
Q

formula for photosynthesis (words)

A

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water —> carbohydrate + oxygen

130
Q

chlorophyll is located in the (blank)

A

thylakoid membrane

131
Q

enzymes that synthesize carbohydrates in photosynthesis are located in the

A

fluid stroma

132
Q

Only (blank) are capable of conducting photosynthesis

A

plants, algae, and certain bacteria

133
Q

(blank) theory describes eukaryotic cell engulfing photosynthetic (blank)

A

Endosymbiotic; bacterium

134
Q

Contained by nearly all eukaryotic cells and all plant, algae, and animal cells
Smaller than chloroplast

A

mitochondria

135
Q

Numbers of mitochondria vary with

A

metabolic activities and energy requirements of cells

136
Q

Mitochondria contain (blank) (2)

A

ribosomes; dna

137
Q

Mitochondria are surrounded by a

A

double membrane.

138
Q

Inner membrane of a mitochondria surrounds the (blank) and is convoluted (folded) to form (blank)

A

matrix; cristae

139
Q

What is a matrix?

A

Inner semifluid substance containing respiratory enzymes

140
Q

The matrix breaks down

A

carbohydrates

141
Q

How is the mitochondria involved in cellular respiration

A

oxygen used and carbon dioxide given off

142
Q

Mitochondria produce most of the (blank) utilized by the cell

143
Q

The cytoskeleton maintains

A

cell shape

144
Q

The cytoskeleton assists in

A

movement of cell and organelles

145
Q

the cytoskeleton makes (blank) possible

A

internal transport

146
Q

Three types of macromolecular fibers in cytoskeleton

A

Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

147
Q

Assemble and disassemble as needed

A

cytoskeleton

148
Q

how does the cytoskeleton compare to bones and muscle of animal

A

Is dynamic; responds to environmental changes

149
Q

Extremely thin filaments, like pearl necklace

A

actin filaments

150
Q

Actin filament is a dense web just under (blank) maintains (blank)

A

plasma membrane; cell shape

151
Q

Actin filaments provide support for (blank) in intestinal cells

A

microvilli

152
Q

What do actin filaments do in intracellular traffic control?

A

For moving stuff around within cell

Cytoplasmic streaming

153
Q

Actin filaments function in (blank) of amoeboid cells

A

pseudopods

154
Q

Actin filaments are important components in (2)

A

muscle contraction and animal cell division

155
Q

Intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules

A

intermediate filaments

156
Q

intermediate filaments are a rope-like assembly of

A

fibrous polypeptides

157
Q

Intermediate filaments support

A

nuclear envelope

158
Q

intermediate filaments function in (blank) junctions

159
Q

Protein (blank) provides mechanical strength to skin cells

160
Q

Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins called α and β tubulin

A

microtubules

161
Q

in microtubules, Spontaneous pairings of α and β tubulin molecules form structures called (blank) which then arrange themselves into tubular spirals of 13 dimers around

162
Q

Assembly of microtubules is under control of

A

Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)

163
Q

Most important MTOC is

A

centrosome

164
Q

Microtubules interact with “motor” molecules (blank and blank) to cause movement of organelles

A

kinesin and dynein

165
Q

(blank) distributes chromosomes during cell division

A

Mitotic “spindle”

166
Q

Short, hollow cylinders
Composed of 27 microtubules
Microtubules arranged into 9 overlapping triplets

A

centrioles

167
Q

how many centrioles are in an animal cell

A

one per animal cell

168
Q

where are centrioles located

A

Located in centrosome of animal cells only

169
Q

Centrioles are located at (blank) to each other

A

right angles

170
Q

Centrioles separate during (blank) to determine plane of d(blank)

A

mitosis; divison

171
Q

Centrioles may give rise to basal bodies of

A

cilia and flagella

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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