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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 10 (test 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 (test 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

nuclear division, reducing the chromosome number from the diploid (2n) to the haploid (n) number.

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

the total number of chromosomes, which exists in two sets.

A

diploid (2n) number

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3
Q

half of the diploid number of chromosomes.

A

haploid (n) number

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4
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A

gamete formation and then fusion of gametes to form a zygote.

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5
Q

reproductive cell

A

gamete

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6
Q

fusion of gametes form a

A

zygote

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7
Q

A zygote always has the (blank) number of chromosomes.

A

full, or diploid (2n)

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8
Q

If gametes contained the same number of chromosomes as body cells, (blank) would soon fill cells.

A

doubling

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9
Q

In diploid body cells, chromosomes occur as (blank).

A

pairs

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10
Q

Each set of chromosomes is a (blank); each member is a (blank) or (blank)
(blank) look alike, have the same length and centromere position, and have a similar banding
pattern when stained.

A

homologous pair; homologous chromosome or
homologue.
Homologue

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11
Q

A (blank) on one homologue contains a gene for the same trait that occurs at this (blank) on the other
homologue, although the genes may code for different variations of that trait; alternate forms of a
gene are called (blank).

A

location; locus; alleles.

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12
Q

Chromosomes (blank) immediately prior to nuclear division.

A

duplicate

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13
Q

Duplication produces two identical parts called (blank); they are held together at the (blank)

A

sister chromatids; centromere

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14
Q

One member of each homologous pair is inherited from the (blank) parent, the other member from the
(blank) parent.

A

male, female

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15
Q

One member of each homologous pair will be placed in each (blank) or (blank)

A

sperm or egg

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16
Q

Meiosis involves (blank) nuclear divisions and produces (blank) haploid daughter cells.

A

two; four

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17
Q

Each daughter cell has (blank) the number of chromosomes found in the diploid parent nucleus.

A

half

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18
Q

Meiosis I is the (blank) nuclear division.

A

first

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19
Q

Prior to meiosis I, (blank) occurs, each chromosome thus has (blank) sister chromatids.

A

DNA replication; two

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20
Q

During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair forming a (blank); this process is called (blank).

A

synaptonemal complex; synapsis

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21
Q

During synapsis, the two sets of paired chromosomes lay alongside each other as a (blank) (sometimes called a tetrad).

A

bivalent

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22
Q

In meiosis II, the (blank) divide and (blank) (derived as sister chromatids) separate.

A

centromeres; daughter chromosomes

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23
Q

No replication of DNA is needed between meiosis I and II because chromosomes are already (blank)

A

doubled

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24
Q

In Meiosis II, Chromosomes in the four daughter cells have (blank) chromatid(s)

A

one

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25
Q

In Meiosis II, Counting the number of centromeres verifies that parent cells were (blank); each daughter cell is (blank)

A

diploid; haploid.

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26
Q

In the animal life cycle, daughter cells become (blank) that fuse during (blank).

A

gametes; fertilization

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27
Q

Fertilization restores the (blank) number in cells.

A

diploid

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28
Q

In the plant life cycle, daughter cells become haploid (blank) that (blank) to become a haploid
generation.

A

spores; germinate

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29
Q

Due to (blank), offspring have a different combination of genes than their parents.

A

genetic recombination

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30
Q

Without recombination, asexual organisms must rely on (blank) to generate variation among offspring;
this is sufficient because they have great numbers of offspring.

A

mutations

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31
Q

Meiosis brings about genetic recombination in two ways:

A

crossing-over and independent assortment

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32
Q

an exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of a bivalent; this introduces variation.

A

crossing-over

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33
Q

{Genetic Recombination} At synapsis, homologous chromosomes are held in position by a (blank) (the synaptonemal complex).

A

nucleoprotein lattice

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34
Q

{Genetic Recombination} The lattice holds the (blank) together so that the (blank) of the duplicated chromosomes of each homologue pair is aligned, then (blank) may occur.

A

bivalent; DNA; crossing-over

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35
Q

{Genetic Recombination} As the lattice of the synaptonemal complex breaks down, homologues are temporarily held together by (blank), regions where the non-sister chromatids are attached due to DNA strand exchange and crossing-over.

A

chiasmata

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36
Q

{Genetic Recombination} The homologues (blank) and are distributed to (blank) Due to this (blank) daughter chromosomes derived from sister chromatids are no longer identical.

A

separate; daughter cells; genetic recombination

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37
Q

During (blank), the homologous chromosomes separate independently or in a random
manner.

A

independent assortment

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38
Q

Independent assortment in a cell with only three pairs of chromosomes is 2^3 or eight combinations of
(blank and blank) chromosomes.

A

maternal and paternal

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39
Q

In humans who have (blank) pairs of chromosomes, the combinations possible from independent assortment
alone are 2 23 or 8,388,608.

A

23

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40
Q

When gametes fuse at fertilization, chromosomes donated by parents (blank)

A

combine

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41
Q

The chromosomally different zygotes from same parents have (blank) or 70,368,744,000,000 combinations possible without crossing-over. If crossing-over occurs once, then (blank) or 4,951,760,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 genetically different zygotes are possible for one couple.

A

(2^23 )^2; (4^23 )^2

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42
Q

A successful parent in a particular environment can reproduce (blank) and produce (blank) adapted to
that environment.

A

asexually; offspring

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43
Q

If the environment changes, differences among (blank) provide the (blank) of sexually reproducing
parents with much improved chances of survival.

A

offspring, offspring

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44
Q

Both meiosis I and meiosis II have four phases:

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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45
Q

In Prophase I, (blank) is about to occur: (blank) disappears; (blank) fragments; (blank) migrate away from each other; and (blank) assemble.

A

nuclear division; nucleolus; nuclear envelope; centrosomes; spindle fibers

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46
Q

In Prophase I, Homologous chromosomes undergo (blank) to form (blank); (blank) may occur at this time in which case sister chromatids are no longer identical.

A

synapsis; bivalents; crossing-over

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47
Q

In Prophase !, (blank) condenses and (blank) become microscopically visible.

A

Chromatin; chromosomes

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48
Q

In Metaphase I, (blank) held together by (blank) have moved toward the (blank) plate at the equator of the
(blank).

A

Bivalents; chiasmata; metaphase; spindle

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49
Q

In metaphase I, there is a fully formed (blank) and alignment of the (blank) at the (blank) plate.

A

spindle; bivalents; metaphase

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50
Q

In metaphase I, (blank), protein complexes just outside the centromeres attach to spindle fibers called kinetochore spindle fibers.

A

Kinetochores; kinetochore spindle fibers.

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51
Q

In metaphase I, (blank) independently align themselves at the metaphase plate of the (blank).

A

Bivalents; spindle

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52
Q

In metaphase I, (blank) and (blank) homologues of each (blank) may be oriented toward either (blank).

A

Maternal and paternal; bivalents; pole

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53
Q

In Anaphase I, The (blank) of each bivalent separate and move toward opposite (poles).

A

homologues; separate; poles

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54
Q

In Anaphase I, Each chromosome still has two (blank)

A

chromatids

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55
Q

In Telophase I, In (blank), this stage occurs at the end of meiosis I.

A

animals

56
Q

In Telophase, When it occurs, the (blank) reforms and (blank) reappear.

A

nuclear envelope; nucleoli

57
Q

In Telophase I, This phase may or may not be accompanied by (blank)

A

cytokinesis

58
Q

(blank) between meiosis I and II is similar to the (blank) between mitotic divisions; however, no
(blank) occurs (the chromosomes are already duplicated).

A

Interkinesis; interphase; DNA replication

59
Q

During metaphase II, the (blank) number of chromosomes align at the (blank) plate.

A

haploid; metaphase

60
Q

During anaphase II, the (blank) separate at the (blank); the two (blank) move toward the poles.

A

sister chromatids; centromeres; daughter chromosomes

61
Q

In meiosis II, Due to (blank), each (blank) can contain chromosomes with different types of (blank)

A

crossing-over; gamete; genes

62
Q

At the end of telophase II and cytokinesis, there are (blank) haploid cells.

A

four

63
Q

In meiosis II, In animals, the (blank) mature and develop into (blank)

A

haploid cells; gametes

64
Q

In meiosis II, In plants, the (blank) become (blank) and divide to produce a haploid generation; these haploid
cells fuse to become a (blank) that develops into a diploid generation.

A

daughter cells ;spores; zygote

65
Q

The type of life cycle of alternating haploid and diploid generations is called

A

alternation of generations.

66
Q

Meiosis requires two (blank); mitosis requires only one (blank).

A

nuclear divisions; nuclear division

67
Q

The daughter cells produced by meiosis are (blank); the daughter cells produced by mitosis are (blank)

A

haploid; diploid

68
Q

The daughter cells produced by meiosis are not (blank); the daughter cells produced by mitosis are (blank) to each other and to the (blank).

A

genetically identical; genetically identical; parent cell

69
Q

In humans, meiosis occurs only in (blank) to produce (blank).

A

reproductive organ; gametes

70
Q

Mitosis occurs in all (blank) for growth and repair.

A

tissues

71
Q

During prophase I of meiosis, (blank) pair and undergo crossing-over; this does not occur during (blank).

A

homologous chromosomes; mitosis

72
Q

During metaphase I of meiosis, (blank) align at the metaphase plate; in mitosis (blank, blank) align.

A

bivalents; individual chromosomes

73
Q

During anaphase I in meiosis, (blank, blank) (with centromeres intact) separate and move to opposite poles; in mitosis at this stage, (blank, blank) separate and move to opposite poles.

A

homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids

74
Q

Events of meiosis II are similar to those of mitosis. However, in meiosis II, the nuclei contain the (blank) number of chromosomes.

A

haploid

75
Q

refers to all reproductive events between one generation and the next.

A

life cycle

76
Q

In animals, the adult is always (blank) [Instructors note: some (blank), etc., have haploid male adults].

A

diploid; bees

77
Q

In plants, there are two adult stages: one is diploid (blank) and one is haploid (blank)

A

called the sporophyte; called the gametophyte

78
Q

in plants, the sporophyte is (blank)

A

diploid

79
Q

in plants, the gametophyte is (blank)

A

haploid

80
Q

Mosses are (blank) most of their cycle; the majority of higher plants are (blank) most of their cycle.

A

haploid; diploid

81
Q

In fungi and some algae, only the zygote is (blank), and it undergoes (blank)

A

diploid; meiosis

82
Q

Animals are (blank), and meiosis occurs during the production of (blank)

A

diploid; gametes

83
Q

the production of gametes

A

gametogenesis

84
Q

In males, meiosis is part of (blank), and occurs in the (blank).

A

spermatogenesis; testes

85
Q

production of sperm

A

spermatogenesis

86
Q

In females, meiosis is part of (blank), and this occurs in the (blank)

A

oogenesis; ovaries

87
Q

the production of eggs

A

oogenesis

88
Q

After birth, mitotic cell division is involved in growth and tissue regeneration of (blank, blank)

A

somatic tissue

89
Q

In the testes of males, primary (blank) with (blank) chromosomes undergo meiosis I to form two
secondary (blank), each with (blank) duplicated chromosomes.

A

spermatocytes; 46; spermatocytes; 23

90
Q

Secondary spermatocytes divide (meiosis II) to produce (how many blank), also with (blank) daughter chromosomes. Spermatids then differentiate into (blank, blank)

A

four spermatids; 23; sperm (spermatozoa).

91
Q

Meiotic cell division in males always results in (blank) cells that become (blank).

A

four; sperm

92
Q

In the ovaries of human females, primary (blank) with (blank) chromosomes undergo meiosis I to form two cells, each with (blank) duplicated chromosomes.

A

oocytes; 46; 23

93
Q

In oogenesis, one of the cells, a secondary (blank), receives almost all the (blank); the other cell, (blank, blank), disintegrates or divides again.

A

oocyte; cytoplasm; a polar body

94
Q

The secondary oocyte begins (blank) and then stops at (blank)

A

meiosis II; metaphase II.

95
Q

At ovulation, the secondary oocyte leaves the ovary and enters an (blank) where it may meet a sperm.

A

oviduct; sperm

96
Q

If a (blank) enters the secondary oocyte, the oocyte is activated to continue (blank) to completion; the result is a mature (blank) and another (blank, blank), each with (blank) daughter chromosomes.

A

sperm; meiosis II; egg; polar body; 23

97
Q

Meiosis produces (blank) egg and (blank) polar bodies;(blank) serve to discard unnecessary chromosomes and retain most of the cytoplasm in the egg. The (blank) serves as a source of nutrients for the developing (blank)

A

one; three; polar bodies; cytoplasm; embryo.

98
Q

failure of chromosomes to separate

A

nondisjunction

99
Q

changes in chromosome number or structure

A

chromosomal mutations

100
Q

name what increases the amount of variation among offspring (4)

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Crossing-over
  3. Recombination of chromosomes during meiosis
  4. Gamete fusion during fertilization,
101
Q

The correct number of chromosomes in a species is called

A

euploidy

102
Q

changes in chromosome number resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis is called

A

aneuploidy.

103
Q

(2n – 1) occurs when an individual has only one of a particular type of chromosome.

A

Monosomy

104
Q

(2n + 1) occurs when an individual has three of a particular type of chromosome.

A

Trisomy

105
Q

In nondisjunction both members of the homologous pair go into the same (blank)

A

gamete

106
Q

occurs during meiosis I when both members of a homologous pair go into the same daughter cell

A

Primary nondisjunction

107
Q

occurs during meiosis II when the sister chromatids fail to separate and both daughter chromosomes go into the same gamete.

A

Secondary nondisjunction

108
Q

Monosomy and trisomy occur in plants and animals; in (blank) of animals, it is generally lethal.

A

autosomes

109
Q

the most common autosomal trisomy in humans.

A

Trisomy 21

110
Q

(blank) also called (blank) occurs when three copies of chromosome 21 are present.

A

Trisomy 21 (also called Down syndrome)

111
Q

Usually (blank) copies of chromosome 21 are contributed by the egg; in 23% of the cases, the (blank) had the extra chromosome 21.

A

two; sperm

112
Q

Chances of a woman having a Down syndrome child increase with (blank)

A

age

113
Q

A Down syndrome child has many characteristic signs and symptoms, including a tendency for (blank), (blank), (blank), (blank), and an increased chance of developing (BLANK) disease later in life.

A

leukemia, cataracts, faster aging, mental retardation; Alzheimer

114
Q

A (blank), a visual display of the chromosomes arranged by (blank), (blank), and (blank) may be performed to identify babies with Down syndrome and other aneuploid conditions.

A

karyotype; shape, size, and banding pattern

115
Q

Nondisjunction during oogenesis can result in too few or too many (blank) chromosomes; nondisjunction during
spermatogenesis can result in missing or too many (blank) chromosomes.

A

X; Y

116
Q

Any additional X chromosomes become an inactive mass called a (blank)

A

Barr body

117
Q

(blank) syndrome females have only one sex chromosome, an X; thus, they are XO, with O signifying
the absence of a second sex chromosome.

A

Turner

118
Q

(blank) females are short, have a broad chest and widely spaced nipples, along with a low
posterior hairline and neck webbing.

A

Turner

119
Q

(blank) of Turner females never become functional; therefore, females do not undergo puberty.

A

Ovaries

120
Q

(blank) syndrome males have one Y chromosome and two or more X chromosomes (e.g., XXY).

A

Klinefelter syndrome

121
Q

Characteristics of (blank) Affected individuals are sterile males; the testes and prostate are underdeveloped. Individuals have large hands and feet, long arms and legs, and lack facial hair.

A

Klinefelter syndrome

122
Q

In Klinefelter syndrome, Presence of the (blank) chromosome drives male formation but more than two (blank) chromosomes may result in mental retardation. (blank) usually only seen in the nuclei of a female’s cells, is seen in this syndrome due to the two X chromosomes.

A

Y; X; A Barr body

123
Q

(blank) females (or superfemale) have three or more X chromosomes and therefore extra (blank) in the nucleus.

A

Poly-X; Barr bodies

124
Q

There is no increased femininity; most lack any physical abnormalities. (blank) individuals are not mentally retarded but may have delayed motor and language development; (blank) females are usually tall and severely mentally retarded. Some experience menstrual irregularities but many menstruate regularly and are fertile; Characteristics of (blank)

A

XXX; XXXX; Poly-X

125
Q

(blank) syndrome (XYY) are males with two Y chromosomes instead of one. This results from (blank) during spermatogenesis.

A

Jacobs; nondisjunction

126
Q

Males with (blank) syndrome are usually taller than average, suffer from persistent acne, and tend to have speech and reading problems.

A

Jacobs

127
Q

Environmental factors including (blank), (blank), and (blank) can cause chromosomes to break; if the broken ends do not rejoin in the same pattern, this causes a change in chromosomal structure.

A

radiation, chemicals, and viruses

128
Q

A (blank) occurs when an end of a chromosome breaks off or when two simultaneous breaks lead to the
loss of an internal segment.

A

deletion

129
Q

A (blank) is the presence of a chromosomal segment more than once in the same chromosome.

A

duplication

130
Q

A broken segment from one chromosome can simply attach to its (blank) or unequal (blank) may occur.

A

homologue; crossing-over

131
Q

A duplication may also involve an (blank) where a segment that has become separated from the chromosome is reinserted at the same place but in reverse; the position and sequence of genes are altered.

A

inversion

132
Q

A (blank) is the movement of a chromosomal segment from one chromosome and inserted into another non homologous chromosome

A

translocation

133
Q

in Down syndrome, 5% of cases are due to a (blank) between chromosome 21 and 14, a situation that runs in the family of the father or mother.

A

translocation

134
Q

(blank) occurs when chromosome 7 loses an end piece: children look like pixies, have poor academic skills but good verbal and musical skills; lack of elastin causes cardiovascular problems and skin aging.

A

Williams syndrome

135
Q

(blank) (“cry of the cat”) is a deletion in which an individual has a small head, is mentally retarded, has facial abnormalities, and an abnormal glottis and larynx resulting in a cry resembling that of a cat.

A

Cri du chat syndrome

136
Q

If a (blank) results in the normal amount of genetic material, the person will remain healthy; if a person inherits (blank) of the translocated chromosomes, that person may have only one or three (blank) rather than the normal two.

A

translocation; one; alleles

137
Q

In (blank), chromosomes 2 and 20 exchange segments, causing a small deletion on chromosome 20 that may produce some abnormalities.

A

Alagille syndrome

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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