Chapter 6 (Exam Two) Flashcards
What is energy?
he ability to do work or bring about a change.
Kinetic energy is the energy of? example
motion; mechanical
Potential energy is (blank) energy. example
stored; chemical
First law of Thermodynamics
Law of conservation of energy
law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another.
Second law of Thermodynamics
law of entropy
law of entropy
When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of energy that is available to do work.
Is there ever a process requiring a conversion of energy 100% efficient?
no
The processes occurring in cells are energy (blank)
transformations
Every process in cells increases the total (blank) in the universe. Therefore, less (blank) is available to do useful work.
entropy; energy
glucose tends to break apart into (blank) and (blank) over time. Glucose is more (blank) and less (blank) than its breakdown products.
the input of energy from (blank) makes glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
carbon dioxide and water; organized; stable; photosynthesis
Organisms called (blank) use energy to create organized structure in biological molecules. Organisms that (blank) producers can use this potential energy to drive their own processes.
producers; consume
(blank) is unstable and has a high potential energy.
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
in a (blank) reaction The hydrolysis of ATP (blank) previously stored energy, allowing the change in free energy to do work and drive other processes. Has (positive/negative) delta G. Examples: (3)
exergonic reaction; releases; negative;
protein synthesis, nerve conduction, muscle contraction
(blank) reaction
Creation of ATP from (blank) and requires input of (blank) from other sources
Has (positive/negative) delta G
Example: (1)
endergonic; ADP; energy; positive; cellular respiration
In a coupled reaction (muscle), (blank) assumes its resting shape when it combines with ATP
myosin
In a coupled reaction (muscle), ATP splits into (blank) and (blank) causing (blank) to change its shape and allowing it to attach to (blank)
ADP and p; myosin; actin
In a coupled reaction (muscle), Release of (blank) and (blank) cause (blank) to again change shape and pull again (blank); generating force and motion
ADP and p; myosin; Stactin
Reactions normally occur in a
sequence
Products of an earlier reaction become reactants (also known as (blank)) of a later reaction.
Such linked reactions form a (blank)
substrates
metabolic pathway
a reaction begins with a particular (blank), proceeds through several (blank), and terminates with a particular end (blank)
reactant; intermediates; product
What are enzymes?
Protein molecules that function as catalysts.
What are substrates?
The reactants of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction
Each enzyme (blank) a specific reaction.
accelerates
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway requires a unique and specific
enzyme
The end product will not be formed unless (blank) enzymes in the pathway are present and functional.
ALL
The (blank) complexes with the substrates.
active site of an enzyme
The active site of an enzyme causes the active site to (blank). The shape change forces (blank) together, initiating bond formation.
change shape; substrates
What is the induced fit model?
Enzyme is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit for the substrates.
In (blank)
Enzyme complexes with a (blank) substrate molecule(s)
Substrate is broken apart into (blank) product molecules, which are released.
Degradation; single; two
In (blank)
Enzyme complexes with (blank) substrate molecule(s).
Substrates are joined together and released as a (blank) product molecule.
Synthesis; two; single
Molecules frequently do not react with one another unless they are (blank) in some way
activated
(blank) must be added to at least one reactant to initiate the reaction
Energy
What does the energy of activation do?
prevents molecules from spontaneously degrading in the cell
Enzymes operate by (blank) the energy of activation. This is accomplished by bring (blank) into contact with one another. This influences the (blank) of the reaction and is why enzymes are (blank) of chemical reactions
lowering; substrates; rate; catalysts
Cells can regulate the (blank) and (blank) of an enzyme
absence/presence and concentration
Cells can (blank) or (blank) some enzymes
activate or deactivate
What are enzyme cofactors? Examples
Molecules required to activate enzymes; FAD, NAD+, (respiration) NADP+ (photosynthesis)
What are coenzymes? (blank) are small organic compounds required in the diet for the synthesis of coenzymes
nonprotein organic molecules; vitamins
A substance known as a(n) (blank) binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
inhibitor
(blank) inhibition – The substrate and the inhibitor are both able to bind to (blank) and they compete with one another.
The product forms only when the (blank) binds to the active site.
competitive; active site; substrate
(blank) inhibition – The inhibitor does not bind at the active site, but at a(n) (blank) site.
A change in shape initiated by inhibitor binding to the (blank) site changes the shape of the (blank) making it unable to bind substrate.
Noncompetitive; allosteric (2); active site
Materials that irreversibly inhibit an enzyme are known as
poisons
(blank) inhibits enzymes required for ATP production
cyanide
(blank) inhibits an enzyme located at the neuromuscular junction.
sarin
(blank) inhibits an enzyme responsible for the blood-clotting process.
warfarin
What is oxidation?
loss of an electron
What is reduction?
gain of an electron
Oxidation and reduction take place when?
at the same time
One molecule (or atom) accepts the (blank) given up by the other.
electrons
Formula for Photosynthesis (numbers)
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Formula for Cellular Respiration (numbers)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
in Photosynthesis, Chloroplasts capture (blank) and use it to convert (blank) and (blank) to a carbohydrate.
solar energy; water; carbon dioxide
in photosynthesis, (blank) are transferred from water to carbon dioxide as (blank) forms.
Carbon dioxide has been (blank) and water (blank)
The energy is provided by (blank) energy.
Hydrogen atoms; glucose
reduced; oxidized
solar
Living organisms can oxidize (blank) in mitochondria.
glucose
In cellular respiration, (blank) oxidize carbohydrates and use the released energy to build (blank)
mitochondria; ATP
Cellular respiration consumes (blank) and produces (blank)
oxygen; carbon dioxide
in respiration, (blank) has been oxidized ((blank) hydrogen atoms) and (blank) has been reduced ((blank) hydrogen atoms).
glucose; lost; oxygen; gained
in respiration, When oxygen gains hydrogen atoms, it becomes
water
Cells (blank) glucose step by step.
The energy is stored and converted to (blank) molecules.
oxidize; ATP
Carbohydrate produced in (blank) become a fuel for cellular respiration in (blank)
chloroplasts; mitochondria
Carbon dioxide released by mitochondria becomes a (blank) during photosynthesis as chloroplasts.
substrate
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved in a (blank) cycle
redox
Carbon dioxide is (blank) in photosynthesis and carbohydrate is (blank) in cellular respiration.
reduced; oxidized
(blank) does not cycle between the two organelles; it flows from the sun through each step of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Eventually it becomes unusable heat when (blank) is used by the cell.
energy; ATP
