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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 6 (Exam Two) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (Exam Two) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is energy?

A

he ability to do work or bring about a change.

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2
Q

Kinetic energy is the energy of? example

A

motion; mechanical

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3
Q

Potential energy is (blank) energy. example

A

stored; chemical

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4
Q

First law of Thermodynamics

A

Law of conservation of energy

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5
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another.

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6
Q

Second law of Thermodynamics

A

law of entropy

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7
Q

law of entropy

A

When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of energy that is available to do work.

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8
Q

Is there ever a process requiring a conversion of energy 100% efficient?

A

no

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9
Q

The processes occurring in cells are energy (blank)

A

transformations

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10
Q

Every process in cells increases the total (blank) in the universe. Therefore, less (blank) is available to do useful work.

A

entropy; energy

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11
Q

glucose tends to break apart into (blank) and (blank) over time. Glucose is more (blank) and less (blank) than its breakdown products.
the input of energy from (blank) makes glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

A

carbon dioxide and water; organized; stable; photosynthesis

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12
Q 
Organisms called (blank) use energy to create organized structure in biological molecules.
Organisms that (blank) producers can use this potential energy to drive their own processes.
A

producers; consume

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13
Q

(blank) is unstable and has a high potential energy.

A

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

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14
Q 
in a (blank) reaction 
The hydrolysis of ATP (blank) previously stored energy, allowing the change in free energy to do work and drive other processes.
Has (positive/negative)  delta G.
Examples: (3)
A

exergonic reaction; releases; negative;

protein synthesis, nerve conduction, muscle contraction

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15
Q

(blank) reaction
Creation of ATP from (blank) and requires input of (blank) from other sources
Has (positive/negative) delta G
Example: (1)

A

endergonic; ADP; energy; positive; cellular respiration

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16
Q

In a coupled reaction (muscle), (blank) assumes its resting shape when it combines with ATP

A

myosin

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17
Q

In a coupled reaction (muscle), ATP splits into (blank) and (blank) causing (blank) to change its shape and allowing it to attach to (blank)

A

ADP and p; myosin; actin

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18
Q

In a coupled reaction (muscle), Release of (blank) and (blank) cause (blank) to again change shape and pull again (blank); generating force and motion

A

ADP and p; myosin; Stactin

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19
Q

Reactions normally occur in a

A

sequence

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20
Q

Products of an earlier reaction become reactants (also known as (blank)) of a later reaction.
Such linked reactions form a (blank)

A

substrates

metabolic pathway

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21
Q

a reaction begins with a particular (blank), proceeds through several (blank), and terminates with a particular end (blank)

A

reactant; intermediates; product

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22
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein molecules that function as catalysts.

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23
Q

What are substrates?

A

The reactants of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction

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24
Q

Each enzyme (blank) a specific reaction.

A

accelerates

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25
Q

Each reaction in a metabolic pathway requires a unique and specific

A

enzyme

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26
Q

The end product will not be formed unless (blank) enzymes in the pathway are present and functional.

A

ALL

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27
Q

The (blank) complexes with the substrates.

A

active site of an enzyme

28
Q

The active site of an enzyme causes the active site to (blank). The shape change forces (blank) together, initiating bond formation.

A

change shape; substrates

29
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

Enzyme is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit for the substrates.

30
Q

In (blank)
Enzyme complexes with a (blank) substrate molecule(s)
Substrate is broken apart into (blank) product molecules, which are released.

A

Degradation; single; two

31
Q

In (blank)
Enzyme complexes with (blank) substrate molecule(s).
Substrates are joined together and released as a (blank) product molecule.

A

Synthesis; two; single

32
Q

Molecules frequently do not react with one another unless they are (blank) in some way

A

activated

33
Q

(blank) must be added to at least one reactant to initiate the reaction

A

Energy

34
Q

What does the energy of activation do?

A

prevents molecules from spontaneously degrading in the cell

35
Q

Enzymes operate by (blank) the energy of activation. This is accomplished by bring (blank) into contact with one another. This influences the (blank) of the reaction and is why enzymes are (blank) of chemical reactions

A

lowering; substrates; rate; catalysts

36
Q

Cells can regulate the (blank) and (blank) of an enzyme

A

absence/presence and concentration

37
Q

Cells can (blank) or (blank) some enzymes

A

activate or deactivate

38
Q

What are enzyme cofactors? Examples

A

Molecules required to activate enzymes; FAD, NAD+, (respiration) NADP+ (photosynthesis)

39
Q

What are coenzymes? (blank) are small organic compounds required in the diet for the synthesis of coenzymes

A

nonprotein organic molecules; vitamins

40
Q

A substance known as a(n) (blank) binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

A

inhibitor

41
Q

(blank) inhibition – The substrate and the inhibitor are both able to bind to (blank) and they compete with one another.
The product forms only when the (blank) binds to the active site.

A

competitive; active site; substrate

42
Q

(blank) inhibition – The inhibitor does not bind at the active site, but at a(n) (blank) site.
A change in shape initiated by inhibitor binding to the (blank) site changes the shape of the (blank) making it unable to bind substrate.

A

Noncompetitive; allosteric (2); active site

43
Q

Materials that irreversibly inhibit an enzyme are known as

A

poisons

44
Q

(blank) inhibits enzymes required for ATP production

A

cyanide

45
Q

(blank) inhibits an enzyme located at the neuromuscular junction.

A

sarin

46
Q

(blank) inhibits an enzyme responsible for the blood-clotting process.

A

warfarin

47
Q

What is oxidation?

A

loss of an electron

48
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of an electron

49
Q

Oxidation and reduction take place when?

A

at the same time

50
Q

One molecule (or atom) accepts the (blank) given up by the other.

A

electrons

51
Q

Formula for Photosynthesis (numbers)

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

52
Q

Formula for Cellular Respiration (numbers)

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

53
Q

in Photosynthesis, Chloroplasts capture (blank) and use it to convert (blank) and (blank) to a carbohydrate.

A

solar energy; water; carbon dioxide

54
Q

in photosynthesis, (blank) are transferred from water to carbon dioxide as (blank) forms.
Carbon dioxide has been (blank) and water (blank)
The energy is provided by (blank) energy.

A

Hydrogen atoms; glucose
reduced; oxidized
solar

55
Q

Living organisms can oxidize (blank) in mitochondria.

A

glucose

56
Q

In cellular respiration, (blank) oxidize carbohydrates and use the released energy to build (blank)

A

mitochondria; ATP

57
Q

Cellular respiration consumes (blank) and produces (blank)

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide

58
Q

in respiration, (blank) has been oxidized ((blank) hydrogen atoms) and (blank) has been reduced ((blank) hydrogen atoms).

A

glucose; lost; oxygen; gained

59
Q

in respiration, When oxygen gains hydrogen atoms, it becomes

A

water

60
Q

Cells (blank) glucose step by step.

The energy is stored and converted to (blank) molecules.

A

oxidize; ATP

61
Q

Carbohydrate produced in (blank) become a fuel for cellular respiration in (blank)

A

chloroplasts; mitochondria

62
Q

Carbon dioxide released by mitochondria becomes a (blank) during photosynthesis as chloroplasts.

A

substrate

63
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved in a (blank) cycle

A

redox

64
Q

Carbon dioxide is (blank) in photosynthesis and carbohydrate is (blank) in cellular respiration.

A

reduced; oxidized

65
Q

(blank) does not cycle between the two organelles; it flows from the sun through each step of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Eventually it becomes unusable heat when (blank) is used by the cell.

A

energy; ATP

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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