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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 12 (Test 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 12 (Test 3) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q 
Early researchers knew that the genetic material must be 
able to (blank) information used to control the (blank, blank, blank)
A

store; development, structure, and metabolic activities of

cells

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2
Q

Early researchers knew that the genetic material must be (blank) so it can be (blank) accurately during cell division and be transmitted from generation to generation;

A

stable; replicated

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3
Q

Early researchers knew that the genetic material must be able to undergo (blank) providing the (blank) required for evolution.

A

mutations; genetic variability

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4
Q

Bacteriologist (blank) (1931) experimented with Streptococcus pneumoniae (a pneumococcus that causes pneumonia in mammals).

A

Frederick Griffith

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5
Q

Mice were injected with two strains of (blank): an encapsulated (S) strain and a non-encapsulated (R) strain.

A

pneumococcus

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6
Q

The (blank) strain is virulent (the mice died); it has a mucous capsule and forms “shiny” colonies.
The (blank) strain is not virulent (the mice lived); it has no capsule and forms “dull” colonies.

A

S; R

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7
Q

In an effort to determine if the (blank) alone was responsible for the virulence of the S strain, he injected mice with heat-killed S strain bacteria; the mice lived.

A

capsule

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8
Q

Finally, he injected mice with a mixture of heat-killed (blank) strain and live (blank) strain bacteria.

A

S; R

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9
Q

The mice died; living (blank) strain pneumococcus was recovered from their bodies.
Griffith concluded that some substance necessary for synthesis of the (blank)—and therefore for virulence—must pass from dead (blank) strain bacteria to living (blank) strain bacteria so the R strain were transformed.
This change in (blank) of the R strain must be due to a change in the bacterial (blank), suggesting that the transforming substance passed from S strain to R strain.

A

S; capsule; S; R; phenotype; genotype

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10
Q

Oswald Avery et al. (1944) reported that the transforming substance was (blank)

A

DNA

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11
Q

In the early twentieth century, it was shown that nucleic acids contain four types of (blank)

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

DNA is composed of repeating units, each of which always had just one of each of four different nucleotides:

A

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate, and a pentose

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13
Q

Purified DNA is capable of bringing about the (blank)

A

transformation

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14
Q

DNA from S strain pneumococcus causes R strain bacteria to be (blank)

A

transformed;

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15
Q

(blank) of the transforming substance with an enzyme that digests DNA (DNase) prevents transformation.

A

Digestion

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16
Q

The molecular weight of the transforming substance is great enough for some (blank)

A

genetic variability

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17
Q

Enzymes that (blank) proteins cannot prevent transformation, nor can enzymes that digest (blank)

A

degrade; RNA (RNase).

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18
Q

Avery’s experimental results demonstrated DNA is (blank) and DNA controls (blank) of a cell.

A

genetic material; biosynthetic properties

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19
Q

In order to illustrate that transferring genes was possible from one organism to another, scientists used a green fluorescent (blank) from jellyfish and transferred it to other organisms. The result was that these organisms

A

protein; glowed in the dark

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20
Q

Mammalian genes have the ability to function in other species:

A

bacteria, invertebrates, plants.

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21
Q

(blank) (1940s) analyzed the base content of DNA.

A

Erwin Chargaff

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22
Q

DNA contained four different nucleotides:
Two with (blank) bases, adenine (A) and guanine (G); a type of nitrogen-containing base having a (blank) structure.
Two with (blank) bases, thymine (T) and cytosine (C); a type of nitrogen-containing base having a (blank) structure.
Results:

A

purine; double-ring; pyrimidine; single-ring

DNA does have the variability necessary for the genetic material.

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23
Q

For a species, DNA has the (blank) required of genetic material.
This is given in Chargaff’s rules:
The amount of A, T, G, and C in DNA varies from species to species.
In each species, the amount of (blank) and the amount of (blank)

A

constancy; A = T; G = C

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24
Q

(blank) produced X-ray diffraction photographs.

His/her work provided evidence that DNA had the following features:

A

Rosalind Franklin; DNA is a helix & Some portion of the helix is repeated.

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25
Q

American (blank) joined with (blank) in England to work on the structure of DNA.
They received the (blank) in 1962 for their model of DNA.

A

James Watson; Francis H. C. Crick; Nobel Prize

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26
Q 
Using information generated by Chargaff and Franklin, Watson and Crick constructed a model of DNA
as a (blank) with (blank) groups on the outside, and (blank) on the inside. 
Their model was consistent with both (blank)'s rules and Franklin’s (blank)  studies.
A

double helix; sugar-phosphate; paired bases; Chargaff; X-ray diffraction

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27
Q

(blank) is the process of copying a DNA molecule.

A

DNA replication

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28
Q

Replication is (blank), with each strand of the original double helix (parental molecule) serving as a (blank) (mold or model) for a new strand in a daughter molecule.

A

semiconservative; template

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29
Q

DNA replication contains what processes?

A

unwinding, Complementary base pairing, Joining

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30
Q

old strands of the parent DNA molecule are unwound as weak hydrogen bonds between the paired bases are “unzipped” and broken by the enzyme helicase. Process?

A

unwinding

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31
Q

free nucleotides present in the nucleus bind with complementary bases on unzipped portions of the two strands of DNA; this process is catalyzed by (blank) Process?

A

Complementary base pairing; DNA polymerase

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32
Q

complementary nucleotides bond to each other to form new strands; each daughter DNA molecule contains an old strand and a new strand; this process is also catalyzed by (blank) Process?

A

Joining; DNA polymerase

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33
Q

For complementary base pairing to occur, the DNA strands need to be (blank)

A

antiparallel

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34
Q

One strand of DNA is (blank) at the top and the other strand is (blank) at the top of the strand.

A

5’

3’

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35
Q

During replication the (blank) can only join to the free 3’ end of the previous (blank)

A

DNA polymerase; nucleotide

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36
Q

DNA polymerase cannot start the synthesis of a DNA chain, so an (blank) lays out an (blank) that is complementary to the replicated strand. Now the (blank) can join the DNA nucleotides to the (blank) end of the new strand.

A

RNA polymerase; RNA primer; DNA polymerase; 3’

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37
Q

The (blank) unwinds the DNA and one strand (called the (blank)) can be copied in the direction of the (blank) The other strand of DNA is copied in the direction (blank) from the fork, and replication begins again.
This new lagging strand is discontinuous and each segment is called an (blank), after the
scientist who discovered them.

A

helicase enzyme; leading new strand; replication fork; away

Okazaki fragment

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38
Q

Replication is only complete when (blank) are removed.

A

RNA primers During replication

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39
Q

During replication, DNA molecules get

A

smaller

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40
Q

The end of eukaryotic DNA molecules have nucleotide sequences called (blank)

A

telomeres.

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41
Q

Telomeres don’t code for proteins. They are repeats of (blank)

A

short nucleotide sequences

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42
Q

Bacteria have a (blank) of DNA that must replicate before the cell divides.

A

single loop

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43
Q

Replication in prokaryotes may be (blank) from one point of origin or in only one direction.

A

bidirectional

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44
Q

Replication only proceeds in one direction, from (blank)

A

5’ to 3’

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45
Q

Replication begins at a special site on a bacterial chromosome, called the (blank)

A

origin of replication.

46
Q

Bacterial cells can complete DNA replication (blank) than eukaryotes

A

quicker

47
Q

Replication in eukaryotes starts at many points of origin and spreads with many replication (blank)—places where the DNA strands are separating and replication is occurring.

A

bubbles

48
Q

(BLANK) are the V-shape ends of the replication bubbles; the sites of DNA replication.

A

Replication forks

49
Q

A mismatched nucleotide may occur once per 100,000 base pairs, causing a (blank) in replication.

A

pause

50
Q

(blank) is the removal of a mismatched nucleotide; DNA repair enzymes perform this function and reduce the error rate to one per billion base pairs.

A

Proofreading

51
Q

Sir Archibald Garrod (early 1900s) introduced the phrase (blank)

A

“inborn errors of metabolism.”

52
Q

Garrod proposed that inherited defects could be caused by the lack of a (blank)
Knowing that enzymes are proteins, Garrod suggested a link between (blank) and (blank)

A

particular enzyme; genes and proteins.

53
Q

George Beadle and Edward Tatum proposed the (blank) based on their study of (blank)

A

“one gene, one enzyme hypothesis”; red bread mold.

54
Q

Like DNA, (blank) is a polymer of nucleotides.

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

55
Q

Unlike DNA, RNA is (blank)-stranded, contains the sugar (blank) and the base (blank) instead of thymine (in addition to cytosine, guanine, and adenine).

A

single; ribose, uracil

56
Q

three major classes of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

57
Q

takes a message from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)

58
Q

transfers amino acids to the ribosomes.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

59
Q

along with ribosomal proteins, make up ribosomes where polypeptides are synthesized.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

60
Q

DNA undergoes (blank) to mRNA, which is (blank) to a protein. DNA is a template for (blank) formation during transcription.

A

transcription; translated; RNA

61
Q

Transcription is the first step in gene expression; it is the process whereby a (blank) strand serves as a template for the formation of (blank)

A

DNA; mRNA

62
Q

During translation, an (blank) transcript directs the sequence of (blank) in a polypeptide.

A

mRNA; amino acids

63
Q

The process from DNA to RNA to protein to trait is the (blank) of molecular biology.

A

central dogma

64
Q

The (blank) is a triplet code, each (blank) is comprised of three nucleotide bases of DNA

A

genetic code; codon

65
Q

(blank) nucleotides based on 3-unit codons allows up to (blank) different amino acids to the specified.

A

four; 64

66
Q

Marshall Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthei (1961) found that a(n) (blank) that could be used to construct synthetic (blank) in a cell-free system; they showed the codon UUU coded for phenylalanine.

A

enzyme; RNA

67
Q

By translating just three nucleotides at a time, Marshall Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthe assigned an (blank) to each of the RNA (blank), and discovered important properties of the genetic code.

A

amino acid; codons

68
Q

The code is (blank): meaning what? this protects against potentially harmful mutations.

A

degenerate; most amino acids have more than one codon;

69
Q

The genetic code is (blank); meaning what?

A

unambiguous; each triplet codon specifies one and only one amino acid.

70
Q

The code has (blank) and (blank) signals. How many of each?

A

start and stop signals: there is one start codon and three stop codons.

71
Q

The few exceptions to the universality of the genetic code suggest the code dates back to the very first organisms and that all organisms are related (blank). Once the code was established, changes would be disruptive.

A

evolutionarily

72
Q

To start the production of mRNA, what does the DNA do?

A

the DNA double helix unwinds and unzips

73
Q

Transcription begins when (blank) attaches to a (blank) on DNA.

A

RNA polymerase; promoter

74
Q

A (blank) is a region of DNA which defines the start of the gene, the direction of transcription, and the strand to be transcribed.

A

promoter

75
Q

an enzyme that speeds formation of RNA from a DNA template

A

RNA polymerase

76
Q

Transcription: As RNA polymerase moves along the
template strand of the DNA, complementary RNA (blank) are paired with DNA (blank) of the (blank) strand. The strand of DNA not being transcribed is called the (blank) strand.

A

nucleotides; nucleotides; coding; noncoding

77
Q

Transcription: RNA polymerase adds (blank) to the (blank) end of the polymer under construction. Thus, RNA synthesis is in the (blank) direction.

A

nucleotides; 3’ ; 5’-to-3’

78
Q

Transcription: The RNA/DNA association is not as stable as the DNA double helix; therefore, only the newest portion of the (blank) molecule associated with (blank) is bound to DNA; the rest dangles off to the side.

A

RNA; RNA polymerase

79
Q

Transcription: Elongation of (blank) continues until (blank) comes to a stop sequence.

A

mRNA; RNA polymerase

80
Q

Transcription: The stop sequence causes RNA polymerase to stop transcribing (blank) and to release the (blank) transcript.

A

DNA; mRNA

81
Q

Transcription: Many RNA polymerase molecules work to produce (blank) from the same (blank) region at the same time.

A

mRNA; DNA

82
Q

Transcription: Cells produce thousands of copies of the same (blank) molecule and many copies of the same (blank) in a shorter period of time than if a single copy of (blank) were used to direct protein synthesis.

A

mRNA; protein; RNA

83
Q

Transcription: mRNA production: newly formed pre-mRNA transcript is processed before leaving the (blank)

A

nucleus

84
Q

Transcription: Pre-mRNA transcript is the immediate product of (blank); it contains (blank) and (blank)

A

transcription; exons and introns.

85
Q

Transcription: The ends of the (blank) molecule are altered: a (Blank) is put on the 5’; end and a (blank) is put on the 3’ end.

A

mRNA; cap; poly-A tail

86
Q

Transcription: The (blank) is a modified (blank) where a ribosome attaches to begin translation.

A

cap; guanine (G)

87
Q

Transcription: The (blank) consists of a 150–200 (blank)nucleotide chain that facilitates transport of mRNA out of the nucleus and inhibits enzymatic degradation of mRNA.

A

poly-A tail; adenine (A)

88
Q

Transcription: An (blank) is a protein-coding region of the DNA code in the pre-mRNA transcript eventually expressed in the final polypeptide product.

A

exon

89
Q

Transcription: An (blank) is a non-protein coding region of DNA removed by “self-splicing” or spliceosomes before the mRNA leaves the nucleus.

A

intron

90
Q

Transcription: (blank) are enzymes made of RNA with the function of removing introns from.

A

Ribozymes

91
Q

Transcription: RNA could have served as both (blank) and as the first (blank) in early life forms.

A

genetic material; enzymes

92
Q

Transcription: (blank) contain smaller nuclear RNAs (blank). (blank) cut the pre-mRNA transcript and then rejoin adjacent exons. (blank) are capable of identifying the introns to be removed.

A

Spliceosomes; snRNAs

93
Q

Transcription: (blank) give a cell the ability to decide which exons will go in a particular mRNA.

A

Introns

94
Q

Transcription: mRNA do not have all of the possible (blank) available from a DNA sequence. What is an (blank) in one mRNA could be an (blank) in another mRNA. This process is termed (blank)

A

exons; exon; intron; alternative mRNA splicing.

95
Q

Some introns give rise to (blank) which regulate mRNA translation by bonding with mRNA through (blank) and preventing (blank) from occurring.

A

microRNAs (miRNA); complementary base pairing; translation

96
Q

(blank) shuffling occurs when introns encourage crossing over during (blank)

A

Exon; meiosis

97
Q

(blank) takes place in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It is the second step by which gene expression leads to protein synthesis.

A

Translation

98
Q

In Translation, One language (blank) is translated into another language (blank).

A

nucleic acids; protein

99
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules transfer (blank) to the (blank)

A

amino acids; ribosomes

100
Q

The tRNA is a single-stranded ribonucleic acid that doubles back on itself to create regions where
(blank) are (blank)-bonded to one another.

A

complementary bases; hydrogen

101
Q

Translation (tRNA): The (blank) binds to the 3’ end; the opposite end of the molecule contains a(n) (blank) that binds to the (blank) codon in a complementary fashion.

A

amino acid; anticodon; mRNA

102
Q

Translation (tRNA): There is at least one (blank) molecule for each of the 20 amino acids found in proteins.

A

tRNA

103
Q

Translation (tRNA): There are fewer (blank) than codons because some (blank) pair with more than one codon; if an anticodon contains a (blank) in the third position, it will pair with either an A or G—this is called the (blank)

A

tRNAs; U; wobble hypothesis

104
Q

Translation (tRNA): (blank) are amino acid-charging enzymes that recognize which amino acid should join which tRNA molecule, and covalently joins them. This requires ATP.

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

105
Q

Translation (tRNA): An (blank) forms, which then travels to a ribosome to “transfer” its amino acid during protein synthesis.

A

amino acid–tRNA complex

106
Q

Translation (rRNA): Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced from a (blank) template in the (blank) of the nucleus.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA); nucleolus

107
Q

Translation (rRNA): The rRNA is packaged with a variety of (blank) into (blank) subunits, one larger than the other.

A

protein; ribosomal subunits

108
Q

Translation (rRNA): Subunits move separately through (blank) pores into the cytoplasm where they combine when (blank) begins.

A

nuclear envelope; translation

109
Q

Translation (rRNA): Ribosomes can remain in the (blank) or attach to the (blank)

A

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

110
Q

What cell contains more ribosomes? prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

eukaryotic

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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