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Principles of Biology 103 > Chapter 5 (Exam Two) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (Exam Two) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The __________ is common to all cells.

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

The _________ is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Phospholipids are ________ molecules, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions; nonpolar tails (hydrophobic) are directed ____, polar heads (hydrophilic) are directed _____ to face both extracellular and intracellular fluid.

A

Amphipatic; inward; outward

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4
Q

Nonpolar tails are?

A

Hydrophobic

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5
Q

Polar heads are?

A

Hydrophillic

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6
Q

Proteins in the plasma membrane can be _____ or _____?

A

Peripheral; Integral

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7
Q

_____ are found on one side of the inner membrane suface?

A

Peripheral protiens

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8
Q

____ are partially or wholly embedded (transmembrane) in the plasma membrane?

A

Integral protiens

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9
Q

_____ are usually found in the membrane and are held in place by the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM).

A

Integral proteins

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10
Q

The _____ is only found in animals and its function includes supporting the plasma membrane and communicating between cells.

A

EMC

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11
Q

____ affects the fluidity of the membrane?

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

The ______________ describes the plasma membrane.

A

Fluid-Mosaic model

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13
Q

Fluidity of the plasma membrane allows cells to be ____

A

Pliable

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14
Q

Proteins bond to the _____ and/or _____ to prevent movement in the fluid phospholipid bilayer

A

ECM; Cytoskeleton

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15
Q

_____ have a structure similar to phospholipids except the hydrophilic head is a variety of sugar; they are protective and assist in various functions.

A

Glycolipids

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16
Q

_____ have an attached carbohydrate chain of sugar that projects externally.

A

Glycoprotiens

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17
Q

_____ have an attached carbohydrate chain of sugar that projects externally.

A

Glycoproteins

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18
Q

In animal cells, the ____ is a “sugar coat” of carbohydrate chains and has several functions?

A

Glycocalyx

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19
Q

The immune system recognizes foreign tissues that have ______________

A

Inappropriate carbohydrate chains

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20
Q

Carbohydrate chains are the basis for ____________ in humans?

A

A, B, and O blood groups

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21
Q

3 Components of the Plasma Membrane?

A
  • Lipid component referred to as phospholipid bilayer
  • Protein molecules
  • Cholesterol
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22
Q

What allows passage of molecules through membrane(cross a membrane) via a channel in the protein?

A

Channel Protiens

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23
Q

What combines with the substance to be transported
and assists passage of molecules through membrane?
-Also ____ selectively interact with a specific molecule so it can cross the plasma membrane?

A

Carrier protiens

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24
Q

Are glycoproteins

and allow/help the body’s immune system recognize foreign substances and body cells?

A

Cell Recognition Protiens

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25
Q

What are shaped so a specific molecules can bind to it?

A

Receptor Protiens

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26
Q

What carries out specific metabolic reactions directly?

A

Enzymatic Proteins

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27
Q

What attaches adjacent/animal cells so tissues can function?

A

Junction Protiens

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28
Q

The plasma membrane is _________ only certain molecules can pass through.

A

Selectively Permeable

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29
Q

Small non polar molecules such as ________pass through the membrane freely?

A

Carbon dioxide , oxygen

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30
Q

Small molecules such as _________move “down” a ________, i.e., from high to low concentration.

A

Carbon dioxide, oxygen/ Concentration gradient

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31
Q

Cells have channel proteins called ______ that allow water to cross a plasma membrane more quickly than expected.

A

Aquaporins

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32
Q

Ions and charged molecules cannot readily pass through the hydrophobic component of the bilayer and usually combine with _____

A

carrier proteins.

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33
Q

Large particles enter or exit a cell through _______

A

bulk transport

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34
Q

_________ or chemical messengers, “talk” to other cells and may change cells, tissues, or organs.

A

signaling molecules

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35
Q

Once the signaling molecule is bound to a receptor, the signal follows through a _______

A

Transduction Pathway

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36
Q

The cell’s response to the ________ can change the shape or movement of the cell, alter the metabolism or function of the cell, or alter the gene expression and amount of a cell protein.

A

transduction pathway

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37
Q

___ is fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane moves a particle to outside the membrane

A

Exoxytosis

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38
Q

_____ is vesicle formation moves a particle to inside the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

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39
Q

A solution consists of ____ and _____

A

a solvent and a solute

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40
Q

_____ is the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration (i.e., “down” the concentration gradient).

A

Diffusion

41
Q

A solvent is usually a?

A

Liquid

42
Q

A solute is usually a?

A

dissolved solid

43
Q

In the case of a dye diffusing in water, the dye is a _____ and water is the _____?

A

Solute/Solvent

44
Q

Once a solute is evenly distributed, random movement continues but with no _____

A

net change

45
Q

The chemical and physical properties of a membrane allow only a few types of molecules to cross by _____

A

diffusion

46
Q

Gases readily diffuse through the _______

A

lipid bilayer

47
Q

____, ____, ____, and ____ influence the rate of diffusion.

A

Temperature, pressure, electrical currents, and molecular size

48
Q

_____ is the diffusion of water across a differentially (selectively) permeable membrane.

A

osmosis

49
Q

________ is the pressure that develops in a system due to osmosis.

A

Osmotic pressure

50
Q

______ results in water being absorbed by the kidneys and water being taken up by the capillaries in the tissues.

A

Osmotic pressure

51
Q

______ are solutions where the solute concentration and the water concentration inside and outside the cell are equal.

A

Isotonic Solutions

52
Q

_____ refers to the strength of the solution

A

Tonicity

53
Q

A 0.9% salt solution is used in injections because it is _____ to red blood cells (RBCs).

A

Isotonic

54
Q

_________ has a solute concentration that is less than another solution; when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell and it may undergo cytolysis (“cell bursting”).

A

Hypotonic Solution

55
Q

Swelling of a plant cell in a hypotonic solution creates ______; this is how plants maintain an erect position.

A

Turgor pressure

56
Q

_____ solution has a solute concentration that is higher than another solution

A

Hypertonic solution

57
Q

when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell and it shrivels (a condition called _____).

A

Crenation

58
Q

_____ is shrinking of the cytoplasm due to osmosis in a hypertonic solution; as the central vacuole loses water, the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

A

Plasmolysis

59
Q

_______ is transport of a specific solute across plasma membranes “up” or “against” (from low to high) its concentration gradient through use of cellular energy (ATP).

A

Active transport

60
Q

Iodine is concentrated in cells of the thyroid gland, _____ is completely absorbed into the lining of the digestive tract, and _____ is mostly reabsorbed by the kidney tubule lining.

A

glucose, sodium

61
Q

_______ requires both carrier proteins and ATP; therefore cells must have a high number of _____ near membranes where active transport occurs.

A

Active Transport, Mitochondria

62
Q

_____ involved in active transport are often called “pumps”

A

Protiens

63
Q

The _______ is an important carrier protein in nerve and muscle cells.

A

sodium-potassium pump

64
Q

_________ results from a faulty chloride channel protein, causing thick mucus in bronchial tubes and pancreatic ducts.

A

Cystic fibrosis

65
Q

In ______, a vesicle formed by the Golgi body fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs; insulin leaves insulin-secreting cells by this method.

A

exocytosis

66
Q

During _______, cells take in substances by vesicle formation as plasma membrane pinches off by phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A

Endocytosis

67
Q

In _______, cells engulf large particles (e.g., bacteria, food particles), forming an endocytic vesicle.

A

phagocytosis

68
Q

______ is commonly performed by amoeboid-type cells (e.g., amoebas and macrophages).

A

Phagocytosis

69
Q

When the ______ fuses with a lysosome, digestion of the internalized substance occurs.

A

endocytic vesicle

70
Q

______ occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles; this is only visible with electron microscopy.

A

Pinocytosis

71
Q

Cells that use _____ to ingest substances are: blood cells, cells that line the kidney tubules or the intestinal wall, and plant root cells.

A

Pinocytosis

72
Q

________, a form of pinocytosis, occurs when specific macromolecules bind to plasma membrane receptors.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

73
Q

The _____ are shaped to fit with specific substances (vitamin, hormone, lipoprotein molecule, etc.), and are found at one location in the plasma membrane.

A

Receptor protiens

74
Q

______ are associated with exchange of substances between cells (e.g., maternal and fetal blood).

A

Pits

75
Q

_______ (transported in a molecule called a low-density lipoprotein, LDL) enters a cell from the bloodstream via receptors in coated pits

A

Cholesterol

76
Q

In _________, the LDL receptor cannot bind to the coated pit and the excess cholesterol accumulates in the circulatory system

A

familial hypocholesterolemia

77
Q

The ________ is a meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins in animal cells.

A

Extracellular matrix

78
Q

_____ gives the matrix strength and elastin gives it resilience.

A

Collagen

79
Q

______ and ____ membrane receptors and permit communication between matrix and cytoplasm

A

Fibronectins and integrins

80
Q

which proteins also form “highways” that direct the migration of cells during development.

A

Fibronectins and integrins

81
Q

______ are glycoproteins that provide a packing gel that joins the various proteins in matrix and most likely regulate signaling proteins that bind to receptors in the plasma protein.

A

Proteoglycans

82
Q

______ are points of contact between cells that allow them to behave in a coordinated manner.

A

Junctions Between Cells

83
Q

______ mechanically attach adjacent cells.

A

Adhesion junctions

84
Q

In _____, internal cytoplasmic plaques, firmly attached to cytoskeleton within each cell, are joined by integral membrane proteins

A

desmosomes

85
Q

_____ hold cells together where tissues stretch (e.g., in heart, stomach, bladder).

A

desmosomes

86
Q

In _____, plasma membrane proteins attach in zipper-like fastenings

A

Tight Junctions

87
Q

_____ hold cells together so tightly that the tissues are barriers (e.g., epithelial lining of stomach, kidney tubules, blood-brain barrier).

A

Tight Junctions

88
Q

A ______ allows cells to communicate; formed when two identical plasma membrane channels join.

A

Gap junction

89
Q

_____ provide strength to the cells involved and allow the movement of small molecules and ions from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the other cell.

A

Gap junctions

90
Q

______ permit flow of ions for heart muscle and smooth muscle cells to contract.

A

Gap Junctions

91
Q

Plant cells are surrounded by a porous _____

A

Cell wall

92
Q

The ______ varies in thickness, depending on the function of the cell.

A

Cell wall

93
Q

____ cells have a primary cell wall composed of cellulose polymers united into threadlike microfibrils that form fibrils.

A

Plant

94
Q

______ form a framework whose spaces are filled by non-cellulose molecules.

A

Cellulose fibrils

95
Q

_____ allow the cell wall to stretch and are abundant in the middle lamella that holds cells together.

A

Pectins

96
Q

_______ polysaccharides harden the wall of mature cells.

A

Non-cellulose

97
Q

_____ adds strength and is a common ingredient of secondary cell walls in woody plants.

A

Lignin

98
Q

______ are narrow membrane-lined channels that pass through cell walls of neighboring cells and connect their cytoplasms, allowing direct exchange of some molecules and ions between neighboring plant cells.

A

Plasmodesmata

Principles of Biology 103 (14 decks)

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