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Biological Anthropology > Chapter 7 Stones And Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Stones And Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Deep time

A

The theory that the world is much older than biblical explanations allowed- determined by gradual natural process like erosion.

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2
Q

Continental Drift

A

The slow movement of continents over time

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3
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Theoretic perspective that geological processes observed today are the same as the process we operating in the past.

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4
Q

Fossils

A

The mineralized copies of once living organisms.

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5
Q

Fossil

A

Mineralized copies of once living organisms

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6
Q

Bya

A

Billion years ago

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7
Q

Eon

A

Largest subunit of time

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8
Q

Eras

A

Units of time that span billions of years and are subdivided into periods and epochs.

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9
Q

Periods

A

Geological Time units that span millions of years and are subdivided into epochs.

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10
Q

Epochs

A

The smallest units of geological time, spanning thousands to millions of years.

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11
Q

Holocene

A

The current geological epoch starting 10 Kya

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12
Q

Anthropocene

A

The proposed name for our current geological epoch based on human-driven climate change and mass extinction of nonhuman species caused by human activities.

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13
Q

Taphonomy

A

The study of what happens to an organism after death.

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14
Q

Fossilization

A

The preservation of an organism against the natural processes of decay.

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15
Q

Anaerobic

A

An environment without oxygen

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16
Q

Lithification

A

When the weight and pressure of the sediment squeeze out any extra fluids and replace the voids that appear with minerals from the surrounding sediments.

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17
Q

Permineralization

A

When minerals from water impregnate or replace organic remains leaving a fossilized copy of the organism.

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18
Q

Petrified wood

A

When actual pieces of wood mineralize and turn into rock.

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19
Q

Hominins

A

Includes all human ancestors who existed after the evolutionary split from chimpanzees and bonobos. 6-7 Mya

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20
Q

Megafauna

A

Large animals such as mammoths and mastadons

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21
Q

Trace fossils

A

Fossilized remains of activity such as footprints

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22
Q

Bezoars

A

Hard concrete-like substances found in the intestines of fossilized creatures- a mineralized hairball

23
Q

Coprolite

A

Fossilized dung

24
Q

In matrix

A

The fossil is embedded in secondary rock.

25
Q

Pseudofossils

A

Misinterpretations of rock formations that look like true fossils.

26
Q

Pseudofossils

A

Misinterpretations of rock formations that look like true fossils.

27
Q

Relative dating

A

Dating methods that do not result in numbers of years but in relative timelines wherein some organisms or artifacts are older or younger than others.

28
Q

Stratigraphy

A

A relative dating method that is based on layers or strata that builds up over time.

29
Q

Law of superposition

A

The scientific law that states that rock and soil are deposited in layers with the youngest on top and the younger on the bottom.

30
Q

Biostratigraphy

A

Relative dating method that uses other plant and animal remains occurring in the stratigraphic context to establish time depth

31
Q

Biostratigraphy

A

Relative dating method that uses other plant and animal remains occurring in the stratigraphic context to establish time depth

32
Q

Cultural dating

A

Relative dating method that arranges human made artifacts in a time frame from oldest to youngest based on material, production technique, style, and other features.

33
Q

Cultural dating

A

Relative dating method that arranges human made artifacts in a time frame from oldest to youngest based on material, production technique, style, and other features.

34
Q

Fluorine dating

A

A relative dating method that analyzes the absorption of fluorine in bones from surrounding soils.

35
Q

Chronometric dating

A

Dating method that give estimated numbers of years for artifacts and sites

36
Q

Element

A

Matter that cannot be broken down into smaller matter.

37
Q

Atom

A

A small building block of matter

38
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of a given element that have different numbers of neutrons.

39
Q

Stable isotopes

A

Variants of elements that do not change over time without outside interference

40
Q

Unstable isotopes

A

Variants of elements that spontaneously change into stable isotopes over time. Sometimes called radioisotopes.

41
Q

Radioactive decay

A

The process of transforming the atom by spontaneously releasing ensergy.

42
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

The chronometric dating method based on the radioactive decay of 14C in organic remains.

43
Q

Dendrochronology

A

Chronometric dating method that uses the annual growth of trees to build a timeline into the past.

44
Q

Foraminifara

A

Single celled marine organisms with shells

45
Q

K-Ar and At-Ar dating

A

Can reach further into the past than carbon dating by measuring crystalline structures of volcanic materials.

46
Q

Uranium dating

A

A dating technique based on the decay chain of unstable isotopes of uranium. Can be used to 650 Kya.

47
Q

Fission track dating

A

A chronometric dating technique that is based on the fission of 283U- can date things that are Tya.

48
Q

Luminescence dating

A

Chronometric dating method based on naturally occurring background radiation in soils, pottery, and clay.

49
Q

Electron spin resonance dating

A

Chronometric dating technique that measures the background radiation accumulated in material over time. Up to 2mya. Works well with artifacts and rocks with crystalline structure, including tooth enamel, shell, and rock- things that thermoluminescence won’t work on.

50
Q

Sediment cores

A

Core samples taken from lake beds or other water sources for analysis of their pollen.

51
Q

Sediment cores

A

Core samples taken from lake beds or other water sources for analysis of their pollen.

52
Q

Geomorphology

A

The study of the physical characteristics of the earth’s surface.

53
Q

Glacial periods

A

Periods characterized by low global temperatures and expansion of ice sheets on earth’s surface.

54
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

DNA located in the mitochondria of a cell that is only down from biological mother to child

Biological Anthropology (8 decks)

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