Chapter 5 Studying Primates

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

A similar trait found in different species because it was inherited from a common ancestor

Question 2

Analogy

Answer 2

A similar trait found in different species that arose independently

Question 3

What is a class relationship?

Answer 3

A grouping based on ancestral relationships; a branch of the evolutionary tree.

Question 4

African Clade?

Answer 4

A grouping that includes gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and their extinct relatives.

Question 5

Asian Clade?

Answer 5

A grouping that includes orangutans and their extinct relatives.

Question 6

What are grades?

Answer 6

Groupings that reflect levels of adaptation or overall similarity and not necessarily relationships. Grouping monkeys and excluding humans.

Question 7

Ancestral traits

Answer 7

Inherited trait from a distant ancestor.

Question 8

Derived traits

Answer 8

A recently modified trait that is most helpful when assigning taxonomic classifications.

Question 9

What are generalized traits

Answer 9

A trait that is useful for a wide range of tasks

Question 10

Opposable thumbs

Answer 10

Fingers and thumbs that can work in opposing directions to stretch and grab is a generalized trait.

Question 11

Specialized trait?

Answer 11

A trait which has been modified for a specific purpose. Hooves on a horse.

Question 12

Postorbital bar

Answer 12

A bony ridge that surrounds the eye socket, open at the back.

Question 13

Postorbital plate

Answer 13

A bony plate that provides protection to the back and side of the eye.

Question 14

Postorbital closure

Answer 14

A bony plate that provides protection to the side and back of the eye.

Question 15

Trichromatic color vision

Answer 15

Ability to distinguish yellows, reds, in addition to blues and greens.

Question 16

Tetrachromatic

Answer 16

Ability to see reds, yellows, blues, greens, and ultraviolet. Birds fish and reptiles.

Question 17

Dichromatic

Answer 17

Only see in blues and greens

Question 18

Evolutionary trade-offs

Answer 18

When an organism, which is limited in the time and energy it can put into aspects of its biology and behavior, is shaped by natural selection to invest in one adaption at the expense of another.

Question 19

Life history

Answer 19

The pace at which an organism grows, responds, and ages.

Question 20

Arboreal

Answer 20

A description for an organism that spends most of its time in trees.

Question 21

Pentadactyly

Answer 21

Having five finger or toes/digits

Question 22

Terrestrial

Answer 22

An organism that spends most of its time on the ground

Question 23

Tactile pads

Answer 23

Sensitive skin at the tips of the fingers allowing for the feeling of touch- there is also a tactile pad on the underside of animals tails.

Question 24

Heterodont

Answer 24

Have multiple types of teeth used for different purposes.

Question 25

Sexually dimorphic

Answer 25

Sex differences in morphology, behavior, hormones; an/or coloration.

Question 26

Frugivores

Answer 26

Diet consists primarily of fruit

Question 27

Insectivores

Answer 27

Diet consists mostly of insects

Question 28

Folivores

Answer 28

Those who eat mostly leaves

Question 29

Gummivores

Answer 29

Specialize in eating saps and gums

Question 30

Bunodont

Answer 30

Low rounded cusps on the cheek teeth.

Question 31

Shearing crests

Answer 31

Sharpened ridges that connect cusps on a bilophodont molar. Allow foliviovores to break down leaves with their teeth.

Question 32

Activity pattern

Answer 32

Refers to the time of day an animal is typically active

Question 33

Diurnal

Answer 33

Active during the day

Question 34

Nocturnal

Answer 34

Active at night

Question 35

Cathemeral

Answer 35

Active through the 24-hour period

Question 36

Locomotion

Answer 36

How an organism moves around

Question 37

Vertical clinging and leaping

Answer 37

Locomotor pattern in which animals are oriented upright while clinging to vertical branches, push off with hind legs, and land oriented upright in vertical branch.

Question 38

Quadrepalism

Answer 38

Walking on all 4’s

Question 39

Brachiation

Answer 39

Swinging below branches by the hands of

Question 40

Prehensile tails

Answer 40

A tail that is able to hold the full body weight of an organism, which often has a tactile pad on the underneath side for improved grip.

Question 41

Bipedalism

Answer 41

Moving on two feet

Question 42

Rhinariums

Answer 42

Wet nosed stepsirrhines- cats and dogs

Question 43

Tapetum lucidum

Answer 43

Reflective layer at the back of the eye that reflects light and enhances the ability to see in low light.

Question 44

Fovea

Answer 44

Depression in the retina at the back of the eye containing concentrations of cells that allow them to see things very close up in great detail.

Question 45

Dry nose

Answer 45

Present in haplorrhines because they can see better and need their nose less.

Question 46

Faunivorous

Answer 46

Diet consisting entirely of animal matter

Question 47

Monochromatic

Answer 47

Cannot distinguish any colors

Question 48

Ischial callosities

Answer 48

Modified seat bones of the pelvis that are flattened and over which calluses form; function as seat pads for sitting and resting atop branches

Question 49

Natal coats

Answer 49

Refers to the contrasting fur color of baby leaf monkeys compared to adults.

Question 50

Olecranon process

Answer 50

Bony projection at the elbow end of the ulna

Question 51

Styloid process

Answer 51

A bony projection of the ulna at the end near the wrist.

Question 52

Sagittarius crest

Answer 52

A bony ridge along the top/middle of the skull used for attachment of chewing muscles of orangutans

Question 53

Male bimaturism

Answer 53

Alternative reproductive strategies in orangutans in which males can delay maturation, sometimes indefinitely, u til a fully mature “flanged” male disposers.

Question 54

Ethnoprimatology

Answer 54

Subarea of anthropology that studies the complexities of human primate relationships in the modern environment