Chapter 7 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
How to diagnose schizophrenia?
Psychotic disorder: suffer from one or more of :
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized thoughts
- disorganized behavior
- Catalonia
- negative symptoms
SCHIZOPHRENIA:
- continuous signs of the disturbance for min 6months
- period must include min 1 month of «active symptoms»
(Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech)
Positive vs negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Positive:
- added to normal behaviour
Negative :
- absence of normal or desired behaviour
- *disturbance of affect and avolition
Delusion of reference
Pos symptom of schizophrenia:
- belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward individual
**characters on tv are talking to individual
Delusions of persecution
Person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, threatened
Delusions of grandeur
Belief you are remarkable in some significant way
Thought broadcasting vs thought insertion
Broadcasting:
- ones thoughts are broadcast to the external world
Thought insertion:
- thoughts are placed into ones head
Catatonia
Type of disorganized behaviour
Certain motor behaviours characteristic of some people with schizophrenia
**rigid posture, spontaneous activity , bizar movements
Disturbance of affect
Affect: display of emotion
Avolition
Negative symptom of schizophrenia
Decreased enlargement in purposeful , goal-directed actions
Prodromal phase
Prior to schizophrenia being diagnosed, patient often goes through period of poor judgement
*clear evidence of deterioration, Social withdrawal, peculiar behavior …etc
Major depressive disorder
A mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode:
- a period of at least two weeks with at least five of:
- persistent depressed mood
- decreased energy
- feelings of worthlessness
- excessive guilt
- difficulty concentrating
- psychomotor symptoms (slowing down)
- suicidal thoughts
These symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment in functioning
Persistent depressive disorder
Dysthymia: a depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of major depressive disorder
Bipolar 1 disorder
Manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes
Bipolar II disorder
Hypomania with at least one major despressive episode
Generalized anxiety disorder
Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things
- may also have physical symptoms:
- fatigue
- muscle tension
- sleep problems..etc
Agoraphobia
Anxiety disorder : fear of being in places or situations where it is difficult to escape
Panic disorder
Repeated panic attacks
«Sense of impending doom»
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
Obsessions which produce tensions, compulsions (repetitive tasks) that relieve tension
Body dysmorphic disorder
Person has unrealistic negative evolution o this or her personal appearance and attractiveness
Dissociate disorders
Person avoids stress by escaping from his identity
Dissociative amnesia
Inability to recall past experiences
*often linked to trauma
- may experience «dissociative fugue»
- sudden or purposeless wandering away from ones home or location
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
(Formerly multiple personality disorder)
Depersonalization/déréalisation disorder
Individuals feel detached from their own mind and body (personalization)
Or from their surroundings (derealization)
Somatic symptom disorder
Have at least one somatic symptom
Illness anxiety disorder
Being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
Conversion disorder
Unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions
ex: blindness without neurological damage
Personality disorder
Pattern of behaviour that is inflexible and maladaptive
Cluster A, B, C
- weird, wild, worried
Ego-syntonic personality disorder
Individual perceives his behaviour as normal
Egodystonic
Individual sees their illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive and bothersome
Cluster A (personality disorder)
“Weird”
- Paranoid
- schizotypal: patterns of odd/eccentric thinking
- schizoid: pattern of detatchment from social relationships
Cluster B
“Wild”
ANTISOCIAL: psychopathic
BORDERLINE: pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image
HISTRIONIC: attention seeking
NARCISSITIC: grandiose sense of self importance / uniqueness
cluster C
“Worried”
AVOIDANT: extreme shyness, fear of rejection
DEPENDENT: continuous need for reassurance
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY:
- perfectionist and inflexible
- like rules and order
OCPD is lifelong, egosyntonic
OCD: focal and acquired, ego-dystonic
Markers associated with depression
- high glucose metabolism in amygdala
- hippocampal atrophy
- high levels of cortisol
- decreased norepi, serotonin, dopamine
