Chapter 3 - Learning And Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Repeated exposure to a stimulus can cause decrease in response

Question 2

Associative learning

Answer 2

Pairing between either two stimuli or a behavior and response

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

Takes advantage of biological insitinctual responses

UCS > UCR

CS> CR

Question 4

Extinction

Answer 4

Becoming habituated to conditioned stimulus

Question 5

Generalization

Answer 5

With reference to classical conditioning:

Broadening effect by which a stimulus is very similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

Being able to distinguish between two similar stimuli

Question 7

What is behaviourism ?

Answer 7

All behaviours are conditioned

SKinner

Question 8

Opérant conditioning

Answer 8

Links voluntary behaviours with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviours

Question 9

Define the four quadrants of operant conditioning

Answer 9

Is a stimulus added or removed?
Added = positive
Removed = negative

Does behavior stop or continue?
Stop = punishment
Continue = reinforcement

Question 10

Explain four types of reinforcement schedules

Answer 10

FIXED RATIO: FR
Ie: rat gets food every 3rd time pushing button

VARIABLE RATIO: VR
Ie: reward after two buttons, then 4, then 6

FIXED INTERVAL:
- based on time (food after 2minutes)

VARIABLE INTERVAL:
- based on time but not fixed timing

Question 11

Draw out the memory chart

Answer 11

Check in OneNote

Question 12

Sensory Memory

Answer 12

Consisted of :

Echoic: auditory

Iconic: visual

Less then a second, they fade very quickly

Question 13

Short term memory

Answer 13

Limited to roughly 7 items

Housed in the hippocampus

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

Closely related to short term memory

• keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that info

**integrating short-term, attention, executive function

**this is what lets us do simple math in our heads

Question 15

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 15

Association of the info to knowledge already stored

**ideas that we can relate to our on lives have better chance of remembering

Question 16

Types of long term memory

Answer 16

Implicit (procedural) : skills and conditioned responses

Explicite (declarative)
Semantic: facts
Episodic: experiences, events

Question 17

Retrieval vs recognition

Answer 17

Retrieval: process of demonstrating that something learned has been retained

Recognition: identifying a piece of info that was previously learned

MCAT multiple choice is mainly recognition!

Question 18

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 18

Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain

• both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
• confabulation: creating vivid but fabricated memories

Question 19

Agnosia

Answer 19

Loss of ability to recognize objects, people, sounds

Question 20

What is prospective memory? How does it change with regards to age?

Answer 20

Remembering to perform a task at some point in the future

With age:
Event based: remains mostly intact
(Remembering to buy milk when passing store)

Time based: declines
(Take pill at 7pm)

Question 21

Source-monitoring error

Answer 21

Confusion between semantic and episodic memory

*a person remembers the details of event but confuses context