Chapter 7 - Physiology of Articulation and Resonation

Question 1

instrumentation in articulation (5)

Answer 1

cineradiography - xray (pretty much just used in research bc of radiation)
MRI - HD but also not used clinically
ultrasound - portable and noninvasive
electropalatography and glossometry - you see the map of the where the tongue contact is.
electromyography - surface EMG: picks up signal from muscles around face and neck

Question 2

vocal tract boundaries

Answer 2

-vocal folds and mouth and/or nose

Question 3

vocal tract length

Answer 3

-6 to 8cm at birth (double the size in adults)

Question 4

growth pattern

Answer 4

-rapid at 0-24 months
-steady development until 7
-spurt in adolescence 10-18

Question 5

proportional changes

Answer 5

-most noticeable change is high position of the larynx in infants (prevents choking when lying down, food goes straight to esophagus)
-low position in adults, so epiglottis provides less protection (3 safety valves: epiglottis, False VF and True VF)
-jaw also gets bigger so there’s more space for the tongue to move in the mandible

Question 6

movements of babies IN UTERO

Answer 6

-governed by reflexes, movements are gross responses to environment
-begins with spontaneous startles and large scale movement
-then, sequenced movements of body parts

Question 7

movements of newborns

Answer 7

-gross movement
-to support their biological need

reflexes:
-rooting reflex: turn towards touch on the cheek
-sucking reflex: if there’s anything on their palate
-grasp reflex: when stroking baby’s palm

Question 8

movements of infants

Answer 8

-develop control of motor functions
-voluntary movements of trunk, neck, and limbs
-purposeful control of motor patterns
-differentiated mouth movements (smiling, cooing, imitating sounds)

Question 9

speech development in children

Answer 9

-gross to fine motor
-ability to make quick readjustments of articulators

Question 10

emergence vs mastery

Answer 10

emergence: child is trying to produce a certain phoneme = inconsistent.
mastery: when the child can consistently produce the movement in a controlled and coordinated manner.

Question 11

thought to speech

Answer 11

thoughts to words, grammar - string of speech sounds - activate muscles to produce speech sounds

Question 12

hierarchy of speech production

Answer 12

conceptual system - grammatical system - phonological (words are prepd) /articulatory system (motor plan prep)

*each stage there’s a feedback system that corrects

Question 13

clinical implications

Answer 13

motor speech disorders and intervention

Question 14

dysarthria

Answer 14

-impaired neuromuscular EXECUTION of speech

Question 15

types of dysarthria (5)

Answer 15

ataxic - inconsistent errors
flaccid - weak tongue
hypokinetic - decreased movement (Parkinson’s disease)
hyperkinetic - ticks, sudden jerks of movement (Tourette syndrome)
spastic - too much muscle tightness
mixed

Question 16

apraxia

Answer 16

-impaired planning (doesn’t affect physical)