Chapter 2

Question 1

functions of vertebral column

Answer 1

mainly to protect the nerves of the spinal cord
major attachment for rib cage and muscles

House and protect spinal cord and peripheral nerve nuclei/roots
◼Allow nerves, blood vessels to exit
 Serve as attachment for rib cage
Bear the weight of superior vertebrae, head, rib cage
 Flex to allow for range of motion in all directions

Question 2

functions of cervical vertebrae

Answer 2

Transmit spinal cord (vertebral foramen)
Transmit veins and arteries (transverse foramina)
Attach to other vertebrae (articular facets)

Question 3

special cervical vertebrae

Answer 3

C1 - atlas, skull rests on it; C2 - axis, allows you to turn head

Question 4

functions of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 4

hold spinal column, attach to other vertebrae, attach to other ribs, serve as origin for muscles

Question 5

pectoral girdle parts

Answer 5

clavicle and scapula

Question 6

pectoral girdle functions

Answer 6

provides an A-frame to support back and thoracic muscles

Question 7

pelvic girdle functions

Answer 7

supports lower extremities, carries weight, provides stability, point of attachment for muscles

Question 8

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 8

T1-T12 serves as attachment to other muscles

Question 9

blood air exchange

Answer 9

arteries (thick bc of pressure) - from the heart deoxygenated blood throughout all the body, goes to the lungs so the pressure is low
veins (thinner) - to the heart oxygenated blood

Question 10

Mediastinum

Answer 10

houses the heart, includes the heart, trachea, esophagus

Question 11

spaces inside thoracic cavity are separated by

Answer 11

plurae

Question 12

What surrounds important structures in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 12

Pleurae

Question 13

what pleurae cover each lung

Answer 13

visceral pleurae

Question 14

line the inside of the thoracic cavity

Answer 14

parietal pleurae

Question 15

pleural linkage

Answer 15

the visceral and parietal pleurae are continuous. This continuous sheet provides the airtight seal required to permit the lungs to follow the movement of the thorax.

because of pleural fluid, pleurae slide against each other as lungs and rib cage
expand

Question 16

Diaphragm origins

Answer 16

xiphoid process, inferior margins of ribs 7-12, lumbar vertebrae L1-L5

Question 17

diaphragm insertion

Answer 17

central tendon

Question 18

why does the diaphragm have 3 openings?

Answer 18

to allow the vital organs to pass from thoracic to abdominal cavity

Question 19

elevate and expand the rib cage during

Answer 19

inspiration

Question 20

anterior thoracic muscles of inspiration

Answer 20

external intercostal, internal intercostal (interchondral part)

Question 21

accessory muscles of inspiration in the neck

Answer 21

sternocleidomastoid and scalenes

Question 22

attachments of sternocleidomastoid

Answer 22

manubrium of sternum and medial clavicle to mastoid process

Question 23

thoracic muscles of expiration

Answer 23

internal intercostal (interosseous part), innermost intercostal

Question 24

main source of forced expiration

Answer 24

like about 95%

transverse, rectus, internal oblique, external oblique –all these are anterolateral abdominal muscles