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nbcot > Chapter 7 - Neurological System Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Neurological System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

Structures: Any nerve cell body or nerve fiber in the spinal cord (except the anterior horn cells), all superior structures (gray & white matter affecting motor functions and descending nerve tracts), cranial nerve nuclei

Lesion Symptoms: Increased deep tendon reflexes, spasticity, clonus, emergence of primitive reflexes including Babinski’s sign, exaggerated cutaneous reflexes, autonomic dysreflexia, flaccidity may occur at the level of the lesion.

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2
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

Peripheral Nerves

A

Structures: Cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, spinal nerves, the cranial nerve fibers that travel to target muscles.

Lesion Symptoms: Flaccidity, decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes, atrophy

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3
Q

Left Hemisphere of Brain

A

Movement of R side, processing of sensory information from R side, visual reception from R field, visual verbal processing, bilateral motor praxis, verbal memory, bilateral auditory reception, speech, and processing of verbal auditory information

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4
Q

Right Hemisphere of Brain

A

Movement and processing of sensory information from L side, visual reception from L field, visual spatial processing, L motor praxis, nonverbal memory, attention to incoming stimuli, emotion, processing of nonverbal auditory information, and interpretation of abstract information and tonal inflections

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5
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation
Controls emotions, judgements, higher order cognitive functions
Related to planning of movements including Broca’s Area - controls motor aspects of speeh

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6
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation

Receives fibers conveying touch, proprioceptive, pain and temperature sensations from opposite sides of the body

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7
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Receives/Processes auditory stimuli

Language comprehension: Wernicke’s Area

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8
Q

Limbic System

A

Concerned with instincts and emotions contributing to perseveration of the individual
- includes feeding, aggression, emotions, endocrine aspects of sexual response, and long term memory

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9
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Receives and processes visual stimuli

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10
Q

Dorsal columns/medial lemniscal system

White matter - Ascending

A

Sensations of proprioception, vibration, and tactile discrimination; divided into UE and LE tracts, and cross at medulla to form medial lemniscus

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11
Q

Spinothalamic tracts

White matter - Ascending

A

Convey pain, temperature and crude touch; tracts ascend a few spinal cord segments ipsilaterally and then cross to opposite side

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12
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

White matter - Ascending

A

Convey proprioception information and touch and pressure to cerebellum for control of voluntary movements
Dorsal ascends ipsilaterally to cerebellar peduncle
Ventral ascends contralaterally and ipsilaterally to superior cerebellar peduncle

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13
Q

Spinoreticular tracts

White matter - Ascending

A

Convey deep and chronic pain to reticular formation of brain stem via diffuse polysynaptic pathways

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14
Q

Corticospinal Tracts

White matter - descending

A

Cross in medulla (pyramidal decussation), 10% of fibers do not cross
Important for voluntary motor control

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15
Q

Vestibulospinal Tracts

White matter - descending

A

Descend both crossed and uncrossed; important for control of muscle tone, antigravity muscles, and postural reflexes.

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16
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

White matter - descending

A

Assists in motor function

17
Q

Reticulospinal System

White matter - descending

A

Descends both crossed and uncrossed
Modifies transmission of sensation, especially pain
Influences gamma motor neurons and spinal reflexes

18
Q

Tectospinal Tract

White matter - descending

A

Assists in head turning responses in response to visual stimuli

19
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery stroke

Internal Carotid Artery similar symptoms

A

Contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, homynymous hemianopsia, aphasia and/or apraxia (usually L MCA), unilateral neglect and spatial dysfunction (usually R MCA)

20
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke

A

Contralateral hemiplegia, grasp reflex, incontinence, confusion, apathy and mutism

21
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke

A

Homonymous hemianopsia, thalamic pain, hemisensory loss and/or alexia

22
Q

Vertebrobasilar System Stroke

A

Results in pseudobulbour signs (dysarthia, dysphagia, and emotional instability) tetraplegia

23
Q

CN I

Olfactory

A

Sensory: carries impulse for smell
Test: ask person to sniff various aromatic substances

24
Q

CN II

Optic

A

Sensory: carries impulses for vision
Test: eye chart, visual field testing

25
Q

CN III

Oculmotor

A

Motor: fibers to the superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles of the eye and to the smooth muscle controlling lense shape, medial and vertical eye movements
Sensory: Proprioception of the eye
Test: pupil sizes compared for shape and equality, pupillary reflex is tested; visual tracking tested

26
Q

CN IV

Trochlear

A

Proprioceptor and motor fibers for superior oblique muscles of the eye - down/inward eye movement
Test: tested with CN III relative to following eye movement

27
Q

CN V

Trigeminal

A

Motor and sensory for face, conducts sensory impulses from mouth, nose, eyes; motor fibers for muscles of mastication. Control of jaw movements
Test: Pain, touch, temp. with proper stimulus; corneal reflex is tested with a wisp of cotton; person is asked to move jaw through full ROM

28
Q

CN VI

Abducens

A

Motor and proprioceptor fibers to/from lateral rectus muscle. Lateral eye movements
Test: In conjunction with CN III relative to lateral eye movements

29
Q

CN VII

Facial

A

Mixed sensory and motor - sensory fibers to taste buds and anterior 2/3 tongue; motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and to salivary glands
Test: Symmetry of face - ask to make different faces
Sweet, salty, bitter substances applied to tongue to test tasting ability

30
Q

CN VIII

Vestibulocochlear

A

Sensory: Transmits impulses for senses of equilibrium and hearing
Test: Hearing checked with tuning fork

31
Q

CN IX

Glossopharyngeal

A

Motor fibers for pharynx and salivary glands; sensory fibers for pharynx and posterior tongue. Taste sensation for sweet, bitter, and sour

Test: Gag and swallow reflexes; posterior 1/3 tongue tested for taste

32
Q

CN X

Vagus

A

Sensory/motor impulses for larynx and pharynx; parasympathetic motor fibers supply smooth muscles of abdominal organs; sensory impulses from viscera
Test: in conjunction with IX

33
Q

CN XI

Spinal Accessory

A

Sensory/motor fibers for sternocliedomastoid, trapezius muscles, muscles of soft palate, pharynx and larynx.
Movement of the neck and shoulders
Test: sternocliedomastoid and trapezius muscle tests

34
Q

CN XII

Hypoglossal

A

Motor/sensory fibers to/from tongue; tongue movement

Test: stick tongue out; note abnormalities

nbcot (19 decks)

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