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Anatomy Test #1 > Chapter 7- Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7- Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

origin & insertion

A
  • skeletal muscles shorten and pull on bones they are attached to
  • origin: done that doesn’t move when muscle contracts
  • insertion: bone that moves when muscle contracts
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2
Q

fascicle arrangements (7)

A
  • skeletal muscle fibres are arranged within a muscle in bundles called fascicles
  • parallel
  • fusiform
  • circular
  • triangular
  • unipennate
  • bipennate
  • multipennate
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3
Q

muscle group actions

A

most muscles are arranged in opposing pairs at joints

  • prime mover or agonist contracts to cause desired action
  • anatgonist stretches and yields to prime mover
  • synergists assist prime movers
  • fixators stabilize the origin of prime mover
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4
Q

how muscles are named (7)

A
  • direction of muscle fibers
  • size
  • shape
  • action
  • number of origins
  • origins/insertion points
  • location
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5
Q

axial muscles

A
  • head and neck: facial expression, mastication, eyeball, neck
  • muscles of trunk: breathing, spinal flexors, extensors and rotators
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6
Q

facial muscles

A

originate on skull and insert into overlying skin

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7
Q

occipitofrontalis (epicranius)

A
  • frontal and occipital bellies joined by galea aponeurotica, a thin tough band of connective tissue
  • raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
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8
Q

corrugated supercilii

A
  • connects frontal bone to skin of eyebrows

- draws eyebrow inferiorly and medially

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9
Q

orbicularis oculii

A
  • orbits eye
  • orbital portion + palpebral portion
  • serves to close the eye
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10
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A
  • originates on lesser wing of sphenoid, and inserts into upper eyelid
  • responsible for elevating upper eyelid
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11
Q

nasalis

A

flares nostrils

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12
Q

lavator labii superioris

A

elevates upper lip

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13
Q

orbicularis oris

A
  • orbits mouth

- closes lips, kissing/pucker of lips, used for speech

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14
Q

zygomaticus

A
  • major and minor
  • attaches to zygomatic bone
  • draws angle to mouth up and laterally to smile or laugh
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15
Q

platysma

A
  • origin: clavicular region
  • insertion: mandible and cheek area
  • draws outer part of lower lip down and back, depressing mandible
  • gives tense neck appearance
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16
Q

masseter

A

mastication

  • origin: zygomatic bone
  • insertion: mandible
  • elevates and retracts mandible
  • powerful chewing muscle
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17
Q

temporalis

A

mastication

  • origin: parietal bone
  • insertion: mandible
  • elevates and retreats mandible
  • powerful chewing muscle
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18
Q

pterygoids

A

mastication

  • lateral and medial
  • allows mandible to be protracted, lowerd and move from side to side when chewing and talking
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19
Q

buccinator

A
  • major lateral cheek muscle
  • compresses cheek when blowing air
  • sucking in and blowing out
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20
Q

extrinsic eye muscles

A
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • lateral rectus: abduction
  • medial rectus: adduction
  • superior oblique (@weird angle) goes through trochlea
  • inferior oblique
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21
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A
  • origin: sternum and clavicle
  • insertion: temporal bone (mastoid process)
  • bilateral contraction results in neck flexion
  • unilateral contraction results in lateral flexion of the neck and rotates face in opposite direction
  • prime mover of neck flexion
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22
Q

inhalation

A

1) rib cage expands
2) expansion of ribs moves sternum up and out
3) inhalation: diaphragm & external intercostals contracts (moves down)

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23
Q

exhalation

A

1) rib cage gets smaller and rib muscles relax
2) ribs and sternum depress
3) exhalation: diaphragm & internal intercostals relaxes (moves up)

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24
Q

external intercostals

A

-origin: inferior surface of superior ribs
-insertion: superior surface of inferior rib
pulls each rib up to increase ribcage volume
-each rib pulls the one beneath it

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25
Q

internal intercostals

A
  • origin: superior surface of inferior rib
  • insertion: inferior surface of superior rib
  • pulls each rib down to decrease rib cage volume
  • pulls rib above them down
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26
Q

serratus posterior superior

A
  • elevates posterior ribs during inspiration
  • works at same time of external intercostal
  • origin: C7-T3 vertebrae
  • insertion: ribs 2-5
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27
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A
  • depresses posterior ribs during expiration
  • works at same time as internal intercostal
  • origin: T11-L2 vertebrae
  • insertion: ribs 8-12
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28
Q

rectus abdominus

A
  • 8 paired bodies
  • fibres run vertically
  • flexes the spine
  • superficial
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29
Q

transverse abdominus

A
  • fibres run deep horizontally

- increases abdominal pressure for coughing and puking

30
Q

external obliques

A
  • superficial
  • rotate and flex spine
  • 45 degree angle
31
Q

internal obliques

A
  • deeper
  • rotate and flex spine
  • 45 degree angle
32
Q

erector spinae

A
  • fibres run vertically
  • 3 groupings:
    1) illiocostalis
    2) longissimus
    3) spinalis
  • extends vertebral column
33
Q

serratus anterior

A
  • origin: ribs
  • insertion: scapula
  • pull scapula anteriorly and around rib cage
34
Q

trapezius

A

-origin: occipital bone and cervical vertebrae
-insertion: clavicle and scapula
-fibres run in 3 directions:
1) superiorly: pull scapula up
2) middle: pull should blades back
3) inferior: pull scapula down
extend neck, elevate shoulder, adduct scapula, depress scapula
-thin, flat, superficial

35
Q

pectoralis major

A
  • origin: clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6
  • insertion: humerus
  • flexes and adducts humerus
36
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • origin: T7-L5, ribs 9-12, ilium
  • insertion: humerus
  • powerful arm extender, adductor, medial rotator
  • antagonist with pectorals major
37
Q

deltoid

A
  • covers lateral shoulder joint
  • broad base and tapers to point
  • fibres run in 3 directions: abduction(up &down, main job) flexion, extension
  • origin: clavicle and scapula
  • insertion: humerus
  • flexes, abducts and extends arm
38
Q

rotator cuff

A

4 muscles around glenohumeral joint:

  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • subscapularis
  • origin: scapula
  • insertion: humerus
  • form a cuff around shoulder joint
  • more stable on superior aspect
39
Q

forearm flexors

A

cover most of humerus and cross anterior surface of elbow joint

40
Q

bicep brachii

A
  • superficial, 2 heads
  • origin: scapula &humerus
  • insertion: radius
  • flexes forearm, helps with supination
41
Q

brachialis

A
  • deeper, smaller, more powerful
  • origin: humerus
  • insertion: ulna
  • forearm flexor
42
Q

forearm extensors

A

covers most of the humerus and crosses posterior surface of elbow joint

43
Q

triceps brachii

A
  • prime move of elbow extension
  • 3 heads (medial, lateral, long)
  • origin: scapula and humerus
  • insertion: ulna
44
Q

anconeus

A
  • small
  • synergist extensor
  • origin: humerus
  • insertion: ulna
45
Q

brachioradialis

A
  • synergist elbow flexor
  • synergist pronator/supinator
  • origin: humerus
  • insertion: radius
46
Q

pronator teres

A
  • pronation
  • origin: humerus and ulna
  • insertion: radius
47
Q

pronator quadrants

A
  • pronation
  • origin: ulna
  • insertion: radius
48
Q

supinator

A
  • supination
  • origin: humerus and ulna
  • insertion:radius
49
Q

muscles of hand

A
  • flexors on anterior side
  • extensors on posterior side
  • muscles are named for their action and digit
50
Q

palmar interossei

A

-adduct the fingers (together)

51
Q

dorsal interossei

A

-abduct the fingers (apart)

52
Q

gluteus maximus

A
  • largest
  • superficial
  • thigh extension, abduction, and rotation
  • origin: ilium
  • insertion: femur
53
Q

gluteus medius

A
  • moderate size
  • deeper
  • thigh extension, abduction, and rotation
  • origin: ilium
  • insertion: femur
54
Q

gluteus minimus

A
  • smallest
  • deepest
  • thigh extension, abduction, and rotation
  • origin: ilium
  • insertion: femur
55
Q

iliopsoas

A
  • iliacus+ psoas major
  • 2 muscles fused together
  • powerful thigh flexor
56
Q

iliacus

A
  • part of iliopsoas
  • thigh flexor
  • origin: ilium
  • insertion: femurs
57
Q

psoas major

A
  • part of iliopsoas
  • thigh flexor
  • origin: lumbar vertebrae
  • insertion: femur
58
Q

adductor muscles of medial thigh

A
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • gracialis
  • all on medial aspect of thigh
  • origin: pubis
  • insertion: femur
59
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

4 muscles:

  • rectus femoris
  • vastus lateralis
  • vastus medialis
  • vasts intermedius (underneact rectus femoris)
  • merge into quadricep femoris tendon where patella forms’
  • extends the leg (knee)
  • origin: femur
  • insertion: quadriceps tendon
60
Q

sartorius

A
  • flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh, flexes leg and medially rotates thigh
  • “tailors muscle”
  • longest muscle in body
  • origin: ilium
  • insertion: winds around medial aspect of knee and inserts on tibia
61
Q

hamstring muscles

A
  • semimembranosus
  • semitendinosus
  • biceps femoris (2 heads)
  • extend hip and flex knee
  • origin: ischial tuberosity
  • insertion: tibia
62
Q

tibialis anterior

A
  • doriflexion
  • origin: tibia
  • insertion: tarsals
63
Q

shinsplint syndrome

A
  • overworking of tibias anterior
  • running on hard surfaces
  • tearing of tendonosus insertions into tibia
64
Q

fibularis brevis

A
  • eversion of foot
  • origin: fibula
  • insertion: 5th metatarsal
65
Q

fibularis longus

A
  • eversion of foot
  • origin: fibula
  • insertion: 1st metatarsal and tarsal
66
Q

triceps surae

A

gastrocnemius + soles muscles of posterior leg

67
Q

gastrocnemius

A
  • medial and lateral heads
  • plantar flexion (prime mover)
  • thick and superficial
  • origin: femur
  • insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
68
Q

soleus

A
  • deep to gastrocnemius
  • synergist to gastrocnemius
  • plantar flexion
  • origin: tibia and fibula
  • insertion: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
69
Q

popliteus

A
  • unlocks knee from full extension to being flexion
  • flexes and medially rotates leg
  • origin: femur and knee joint
  • insertion: tibia
70
Q

muscles of foot

A
  • foot and toe flexor on plantar surface
  • foot and toe extensors on dorsum
  • muscles are named for action and what toe
71
Q

dorsal interossei

A

abduct the toes (apart)

72
Q

plantar interossei

A

adduct the toes (together)

Anatomy Test #1 (8 decks)

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