Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Test #1 > Chapter 4- Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

contents of skeletal system

A
  • bones
  • ligaments
  • cartilage
  • other supportive connective tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functions of cartilage

A
  • support soft tissues (respiration airways cartilaginous rings keep trachea open, auricle of ear)
  • articulations (smooth surfaces between bones)
  • precursor model for bone growth (fetal long bones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cartilage

A
  • semi-rigid connective tissue
  • not as strong as bone but more flexible/resilient
  • mature cartilage is avascular (no blood supply)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cartilage cells

A
  • chondroblasts: young cells, produce matrix
  • chondrocytes: older cells, surrounded by matrix
  • both live in small spaces called lacunae (little lakes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

types of cartilage

A

1) hyaline cartilage
2) elastic cartilage
3) fibrocartilage
all have similar ground substance but different types fo fibres in extracellular matrix
CT= cells= extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix= fibers+ ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • most common but weakest (glassy)
  • lacks collagen
  • in fetal skeleton, at ends of bones that articulate with each other, in trachea, larynx, and nose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • elastic fibres are main feature
  • in epiglottis and external ear
  • needs to be able to bend and snap back to original form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • densely interwoven collagen fibers contribute to durability
  • in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci
  • schock absorber, resists tension in one direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

calcification

A
  • minerals deposited in the matrix that strengthens the bone

- main store and source of Ca++ and PO4—

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bones

A
  • living organ that contains all 4 tissue types
  • mostly connective tissue
  • extracellular matrix is sturdy and rigid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

functions of bones

A
  • support: framework
  • protection: hard casing around organs
  • anchors for movement: muscles
  • hematopoiesis: blood cell product, red marrow inside bone
  • storage: calcium, phosphate, fats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

classification of bones

A

-long bones: greater length than width
-short bones: nearly equal length and width
-flat bones: thing surfaces
irregular bones: complex shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

long bones

A
  • have compact and spongy bone
  • most common
  • femur, humerus, phalanges etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

short bones

A
  • have compact and spongy bone

- carpals, tarsals, patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

flat bones

A
  • have compact and spongy bone
  • provide muscle attachment sites
  • protects underlying structures
  • skull, ribs, sternum, scapula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

irregular bones

A
  • odd shapes, do not fit into any regular category

- vertebrae, hip bones, internal skull bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

long bone anatomy

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • metaphysis
  • articula cartilage
  • medullary/marrow cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diaphysis

A

elongated, usually cylindrical shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

epiphysis

A
  • knobby, enlarged regions at ends
  • strengthen joints
  • attachment site for tendons/ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

metaphysis

A
  • between diaphysis and epiphysis

- contains epiphyseal (growth) plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • thin layer of hyaline cartilage on epiphysis

- reduces friction between articulating bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

medullary/marrow cavity

A
  • cylindrical space in diaphysis

- contains yellow bone marrow (fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

bone coverings

A

1) periosteum

2) endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

periosteum

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • covers external surfaces of bones except for articular cartilage
  • anchor for blood vessels and nerves
  • anchored by perforating Sharpey’ fibres embedded in the bone matrix
25
Q

endosteum

A

covers most internal surfaces of bone

26
Q

bone cells

A
  • osteoprogenitors
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
27
Q

osteoprogenitors

A
  • stem cells
  • in endosteum and periosteum
  • mitotically produce more stem cells or osteoblasts
28
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • young cells
  • form bone matrix
  • very mitotic
29
Q

osteocytes

A
  • mature cells
  • reside in lacunae
  • maintain matrix and communicate with osteoblasts for further deposit of bone matrix
30
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • large
  • multinucleated cells
  • dissolve cartilage and bone
  • release Ca++
31
Q

bone matrix

A

1/3 organic components (osteoid): flexible, resists breaking (cells, collagen fibres, ground substance)
2/3 inorganic components: hardness (mineral salts of inorganic hydroxyapatites, which is mostly calcium phosphates)
this deposits aourd the collagen fibres in tiny crystals and hardens bone matrix

32
Q

without mineral/collage

A

without mineral= snake bone

without collagen= brittle bone

33
Q

bone tissue

A
  • compact bone

- spongy bone

34
Q

compact bone

A
  • cortical bone
  • solid and dense
  • external surfaces of long and flat bones
35
Q

spongy bone

A
  • cancellous or trabecular bone
  • open lattice of narrow plates: trabeculae
  • internal surface of bones
36
Q

compact bone organization

A

basic structural and functional unit of mature bone is the osteon (a.k.a. Haversian system)

  • cylindrical structures
  • parallel to shaft of bone
37
Q

osteon components

A
  • lamellae
  • canals
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
38
Q

lamellae

A
  • concentric
  • circumferential
  • interstitial
39
Q

concentric lamellae

A

concentric rings of bone around central canal

40
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

along outer edge under the periosteum

41
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

leftover pieces of old osteons

42
Q

canals

A
  • central (Haversian) canal

- perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

43
Q

central (Haversian) canal

A

carried blood vessels and nerves

44
Q

perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

A

perpendicular connections to central canal with blood vessels and nerve

45
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces in matrix that house osteocytes

46
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny channels between lacunae allowing metabolic interactions between osteocytes

47
Q

ossification

A
  • a.k.a. osteogenesis
  • the formation and development of bone
  • begins by 8th week of embryonic development and continues
48
Q

patterns of ossification

A
  • intramembranous

- endochondral

49
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
  • develops from mesenchyme

- produces flat bones of skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle

50
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • begins with a hyaline cartilage model

- produces majority of bones in body

51
Q

bone growth

A
  • bone is always being remodelled

- more dense in early adulthood, less dense in older adults

52
Q

types of bone growth

A

1) appositional: increase diameter

2) interstitial: increase length

53
Q

appositional growth

A

bone deposited by osteoblasts and restores by osteoclasts

54
Q

interstitial growth

A
  • grow by gradual remodelling at the articular cartilages and epiphyseal plate
  • superior surfaces increase cartilage volume (chondroblasts), inferior surfaces remove cartilage (osteoclasts) and replaces it with bone (osteoblasts)
  • articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate remain constant thickness (equal growth & replacement rates)
  • epiphyseal plate ossifies to form epiphyseal line after age 18 (bone deposition>cartilage growth)
55
Q

epiphyseal plate

A
  • cartilage, still growing

- dark gap on x-ray

56
Q

epiphyseal line

A
  • ossified bone (age 18-21)

- appears as white band on x-ray

57
Q

bone fracture repair steps

A

1) fracture hematoma forms
2) fibrocatilaginous (soft) callus forms
3) a hard (bony) callus forms
4) bone is remodelled

58
Q

bone aging

A

during aging bone changes in two ways
1) loses ability to produce organic matrix (collagen)
2) loses Ca++ and other bone salts
can result in osteoporosis: decrease in bone density and can result in bone fractures

Anatomy Test #1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions