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Anatomy Test #1 > Chapter 5- Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

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3
Q

skull bones

A

-skull (22)= cranial bones (8) + facial bones (14)

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4
Q

cranial bones (cranium)

A

enclose the brain in cranial cavity (protects brains)
-cranial vault (calvarium)
-cranial base
provides sites of attachment for head and neck muscles

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5
Q

cranial vault

A
  • superior, lateral, posterior, anterior skulls

- removed during autopsy

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6
Q

cranial base

A

anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fosse (rounded depression) of inferior skull

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7
Q

facial bones

A

-framework of face
-cavities for special sense
organs for sight, taste, and smell
-openings for air and food passage
-sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression
-protect eyes, nose, and mouth

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8
Q

parietal bones and sutures

A 
superior aspects of cranial vault
4 sutures:
-coronal suture
-sagittal suture
-lambdoidal suture
-squamous (squamosal) suture
-pterion
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9
Q

coronal suture

A

between parietal bones and frontal bone

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10
Q

sagittal suture

A

between right and left parietal bones

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11
Q

lambdoidal suture

A

between parietal bones and occipital bone (upside down Y)

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12
Q

squamous suture

A

between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull

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13
Q

pterion

A

where temporal, frontal, sphenoid, and parietal bones meet

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14
Q

sphenoid bone

A

keystone bone of cranium

  • lies in centre of skull and articulates with all other cranial bones
  • has a depression (sella turcica) to house and protect pituitary gland
  • has wings for muscle attachments and foramina to allow nerves and blood vessels to pass through it
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15
Q

ethmoid bone

A
  • deepest bone in skull
  • crista galli is a sharp point that anchors dural meninges around the brain
  • cribriform plate has foramen for olfactory nerves to pass from nasal cavity to brain
  • perpendicular plate extends into nasal cavity forming the superior and middle nasal conchae
  • contributes to eye socket
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16
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • lies inferiorly to mandible
  • only bone that does not articulate with any other bone
  • anchored by ligaments to the styloid process of temporal bones
  • acts as movable base for tongue and neck/larynx muscles (speech/swallowing)
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17
Q

vertebral column

A
  • comprised of 26 irregular bones arranged to give a flexible, curved structure
  • extends from skull to pelvis
  • arched to support more weight
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18
Q

vertebral column regions

A
  • cervical= 7 bones (concave)
  • thoracic= 12 bones (convex)
  • lumbar= 5 bones (concave)
  • sacral= 5 bones (fused) (convex)
  • cocyx= 3-4 bones (fused)
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19
Q

vertebral structures

A
  • body/centrum
  • vertebral arch
  • vertebral foramina
  • intervertebral foramina
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20
Q

body/centrum

A

anterior weight-bearing region

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21
Q

vertebral arch

A

composed of pedicles and laminae that, along wth centrum, encloses vertebral foramen

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22
Q

vertebral foramina

A

make up vertebral canal for spinal cord

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23
Q

intervertebral foramina

A
  • lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves formed by superior and inferior intervertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae
  • allow nerves to exit spinal cord
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24
Q

vertebral structures

A
  • spinous process: projects posteriorly
  • transverse processes (2): project laterally
  • superior articular processes (2): protrude superiorly
  • inferior articular processes (2): protrude inferiorly
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25
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • very flexible, not very strong
  • C1-C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
  • C3-C7: oval body
  • spinous processes are bifid (split at tip except for C7)
  • large, triangular foramen
  • transverse foramen in each transverse process fro vessels in your neck (ie; carotid artery)
  • C7 is vertebra pro minus (palpable through skin)
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26
Q

atlas

A

C1: no body or sinus process

  • anterior and posterior arches and two lateral masses
  • superior surface of lateral masses articulate with occipital condyles
  • no centrum
  • movement for “yes”
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27
Q

axis

A

C2: first vertebrae to have a body

  • dens projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas. C1 locks onto C2 by the dens
  • dens is pivot for rotation of atlas
  • movement for “no”
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28
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12

  • all articulate with ribs at facet and demifacets
  • long, spinous process that points inferiorly, for protection
  • circular vertebral foramen for spinal cord
  • location of articular facets allow for rotation
  • T11 and T12 lock transverse costal facets (surface on vertebrae that attach to ribs
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29
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5
-biggest, thickest, bears most weight
-very strong, not very flexible
-receives most stress, a shock absorber
-short, thick pedicles and laminae
flat hatchet-shaped spinous process points posteriorly
-vertebral foramen triangular or squished circle
-articular facets locks lumbar vertebra together to prevent rotation

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30
Q

sacrum

A
  • formed from 5 bones fused during fetal development
  • articulates with surfaces of hip bones
  • sacral canal accommodates spinal cord
  • sacral foramina allow passage of sacral nerves and blood vessels
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31
Q

coccyx

A

formed from 3-5 smaller bones fused during fetal development

tail remnant

32
Q

bony thorax

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
33
Q

manubrium

A
  • superior portion

- articulates with clavicles, scapula and ribs 1 & 2

34
Q

body (midportion)

A

articulates with costal cartilage of ribs 2-7

35
Q

xiphoid process

A
  • inferior end
  • site of muscle attachment
  • not ossified until age 40, cartilaginous until then
36
Q

ribs

A
  • 12 pair

- attached posteriorly to bodies and transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae

37
Q

ribs 1-7

A
  • true (vertebrosternal) ribs

- attach directive to sternum by individual costal cartilage

38
Q

ribs 8-12

A
  • false ribs
  • 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs
  • attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage to rib above
39
Q

ribs 11-12

A
  • vertebral (floating) ribs
  • no attachment to sternum
  • buried in tissue and muscle
40
Q

pectoral girdle

A
  • incomplete girdle, does not wrap full around body for freedom to move shoulders
  • the clavicle and scapula
  • attaches upper limb to trunk and provides attachment sites for muscles that move upper limb
41
Q

clavicles

A
  • anchors muscles
  • acromial end joins with scapula (lateral)
  • sternal end joins with sternum (medial)
  • holds scapula and arms out laterally
  • most commonly broken bone in body
42
Q

scapula

A
  • on dorsal surface of rib cage between 2 and 7
  • 3 borders and 2 angles
  • large fosse named according to location
  • shovel
43
Q

upper limb

A

30 bones in each upper limb

  • arm
  • forearm
  • hand
44
Q

humerus

A
  • largest, longest bone of upper limb
  • articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
  • articulates inferiorly with radius/ulna
45
Q

anatomical neck

A

closer to the head

46
Q

surgical neck

A

where humerus breaks more often

47
Q

ulna

A
  • medial bone of forearm
  • forms major portion of elbow joint
  • longer, less mobile
48
Q

radius

A
  • lateral bone in forearm
  • head articulates with humerus and ulna
  • forms major joints with carpals
  • shorter, more mobile
49
Q

interosseous membrane

A

connects radius and ulna/tibia and fibula along the entire length

50
Q

hand

A

-carpals (8)
-metacarpals (5)
-phalanges (14)
1= tumb
5=pinkie

51
Q

pelvic girdle

A
  • complete girdle
  • 2 hip bones and sacrum
  • less mobile, more stable
  • bony pelvis formed by coral bones, sacrum, and coccyx
52
Q

function of pelvic girdle

A
  • attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments
  • transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
  • support/protect pelvic organs
53
Q

os coxae (coxal bone)

A

3 fused bones

  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
54
Q

ilium

A
  • superior region
  • articular surface joins with sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
  • iliac crest is important for muscle attachment
55
Q

-ischium

A
  • posterioinferior part of hip bone

- sitting weight on ischial tuberosity

56
Q

pubis

A
  • anterior portion
  • joins at pubic symphysis by fibrocartilage
  • acetabulum out laterally, where head of femur sits, formed by all 3 bones of os coxae
  • obturato foramen for blood vessels and nerves
  • sciatic notches where sciatic nerve exits
57
Q

female pelvis

A
  • lighter
  • thinner
  • tilted more forward
  • broader pubic arch 90 degrees or bigger(subpubic angle)
  • wider pelvic inlet
  • larger sciatic notch (short but wide)
  • obturator foramen is smaller and more triangular
58
Q

male pelvis

A
  • heavier
  • thicker
  • tilted less forward
  • less broad pubic arch 90 degrees or smaller
  • narrower pelvic inlet
  • smaller pelvic arch (tall and thin)
  • obturator foramen bigger and less triangular
59
Q

lower limb

A

-carries entire weight of body
-subjected to exceptional forces
3 segments
-thigh
-leg
-foot

60
Q

femur

A
  • largest and strongest bone of body (many blood vessels)
  • 1/4 of a persons height
  • articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip
  • articulates distally with tibia and patella
  • fracture close to head will occur on neck
  • greater trochanter important for walking muscle
  • patellar surface is where the patella articulates
61
Q

patella

A
  • sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon

- secures anterior thigh muscles to tibia

62
Q

tibia

A
  • medial leg bone, larger
  • receives weight of body from femur
  • articulates with femur
63
Q

fibula

A
  • not weight bearing
  • does not articulate with femur
  • articulates proximally and distally with tibia
64
Q

foot

A

-support body wight
-acts as lever to propel body forward during motion
-tarsals (7)
-metatarsals (5)
-phalanges (14)
talus is where tibia meets ankle

65
Q

mandible

A
  • largest, strongest bone of face
  • only freely movable joint in skull (temporomandibular joint)
  • mental foramen allows passage of nerves and blood vessels
66
Q

maxilla

A
  • fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton
  • keystone bone of face
67
Q

lacrimal bones

A
  • in medial walls of orbits

- lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac

68
Q

zygomatic bones

A

inferolateral margins of orbits

69
Q

palatine bones

A
  • L-shaped with horizontal and vertical plates

- posterior one-third of hard palate

70
Q

vomer

A
  • plow-shaped

- inferior bony part of nasal septum

71
Q

fontanelle

A
  • soft spots
  • Brian grows faster than cranium
  • tough connective tissue
  • start to close at 1 month and closed by 19-24 months
72
Q

orbit (7)

A

-cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands
-sites of attachment for eye muscles
-formed by:
maxilla
sphenoid
ethmoid
lacrimal
frontal
zygomatic
palatine

73
Q

nasal cavity

A

formed by:

  • ethmoid
  • palatine
  • maxillary
  • inferior nasal conchae
74
Q

nasal septum

A
  • divides right and left nasal cavities

- composed of bone (vomer and ethmoid) and cartilage (septal cartilage)

75
Q

tarsals

A
  • 7 tarsals
  • talus is only one articulating with tibia and fibula
  • body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus
76
Q

3 arches of foot

A
  • lateral longitudinal
  • medial longitudinal
  • transverse

Anatomy Test #1 (8 decks)

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