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Anatomy Test #1 > Chapter 3- Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue

A
  • group of cells performing a similar function
  • study is called histology
  • composed of 75 trillion cells
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2
Q

variations of tissues

A

-vary in structure, function, and content of extracellular matrix

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3
Q

tissue types

A
  • epithelial
  • muscle
  • nervous
  • connective
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4
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • located outside the cell

- a substance produced by cells of a tissue which can contain protein fibre, salts, water, and dissolved macromolecules

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5
Q

where is epithelial tissue

A
  • lines every body surface and cavities
  • lines inside and outside of organs
  • derives majority of glands
  • has little to no extracellular matrix
  • on basement membrane
  • avascular
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6
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A
  • physical protection
  • selective permeability
  • secretions
  • sensations
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7
Q

epithelial physical protection

A
  • protection from dehydration and abrasions
  • protection from physical, chemical, and biological agents
  • regenerations
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8
Q

epithelial selective permeability

A

regulates passage of certain molecules in or out of a certain region of body

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9
Q

epithelial secretions

A

exocrine cells produce secretions such as sweat or oil

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10
Q

epithelial sensation

A

posses nerve endings that detect light, taste, sound, smell, and hearing

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11
Q

epithelial classification

A

2 criteria:

1) number of layers of cells
2) shape (morphology) of the cells

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12
Q

epithelial cell layers

A
  • simple
  • stratified
  • pseudostratified
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13
Q

simple epithelium

A
  • single layer of cells

- all cells having an apical surface attached to basement membrane

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14
Q

stratified epithelium

A
  • 2 or more layers of cells

- not all cells have an apical surface not attach to basement membrane

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15
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • single layer but not all cells reach apical surface

- nuclei give appearance of multilayered, stratified epithelium but they are not

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16
Q

epithelial cell morphology

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • transitional
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17
Q

squamous epithelium morphology

A

flattened and similar to shape of fried egg

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18
Q

cuboidal epithelium morphology

A

same size on all sides, nucleus is central

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19
Q

columnar epithelial morphology

A

taller than they are wide, nucleus is oval and in basal region

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20
Q

transitional epithelial morphology

A

a mixture of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

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21
Q

how to decide epithelial type

A
  • start with single layer simple

- then consider multiple layered stratified

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22
Q

epithelium types

A
  • simple squamous
  • simple cuboidal
  • simple columnar
  • pseudostratified columnar
  • stratified squamous
  • transitional
  • ciliated
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23
Q

glands

A
  • perform secretory functions
  • produce mucin, hormones, enzymes, and waste products
  • unicellular or multicellular
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24
Q

categories of glands

A
  • endocrine glands

- exocrine glands

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25
Q

endocrine glands

A
  • do not have ducts
  • secrete directly into interstitial fluid or bloodstream
  • derived from multiple tissues
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26
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • have ducts
  • secrete products into their ducts
  • derived from epithelial tissue
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27
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • comprised of cells called fibres

- fibers contract when stimulated

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28
Q

muscle tissue function

A
  • contraction of fibres results in movement

- myofilaments (actin & myosin) are responsible for muscles contractibility

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29
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

1) skeletal
2) cardiac
3) smooth

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30
Q

skeletal muscles

A
  • attached to bones and some skin

- contraction causes movement of skeleton or skin

31
Q

cells of skeletal muscles

A
  • cylindrical and long
  • multinucleated
  • striated (striped)
  • voluntary*
32
Q

cardiac muscles

A
  • on walls of heart (myocardium)

- contactions cause movement of blood

33
Q

cells of cardiac muscles

A
  • branched
  • y-shaped
  • shorter than skeletal fibre cells
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • attach end to end by strong gap junctions called intercalated discs that allow rapid passage of electoral currents from one cell to the next during each heart beat called intercalated discs
34
Q

smooth muscles

A
  • in walls of most internal organs
  • contraction causes movement of food, air, blood, oocytes, and sperm
  • slow but consistent movement
35
Q

cells of smooth muscles

A
  • relatively short
  • wide in middle
  • tapered at ends (fusiform)
  • non-striated
  • involuntary
36
Q

nervous tissue

A

2 types of cell:

1) neurons
2) neuroglia

37
Q

nervous tissue function

A

communication and control of body functions

38
Q

neurons

A
  • functional unit of nervous system
  • nerve cells that initiate and conduct electrical activity through body
  • produce action potentials
39
Q

neuroglia

A
  • cells that support neurons
  • half the volume of CNS, 50x more numerous
  • help protect and nourish the neuron cell
  • cells can divide (tumour formation) not excitable
40
Q

neuron structure

A 
cell body:
-single nucleus with prominent nucleoli
-nissl bodies (RER)
neurofilaments give cel shape and support
microtubules move materials inside cell
cell process:
-dendrites
-axons
41
Q

dendrites

A
  • impulse into cell
  • conducts impulse towards cell body
  • short, highly branched, unmyelinated
  • surfaces specialized for contact with other neutrons
  • has neurofibers and nissl bodies
42
Q

axons

A
  • impulse out of cell
  • conducts impulse away from cell body
  • long, thin, cylindrical process of cell
  • arises at axon hillock
  • side branches end in fine process called axon terminals
  • swollen tips contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
43
Q

neuroglia cell types

A 
CNS:
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal
PNS:
Schwann cells
satellite cells
44
Q

connective tissue

A
  • most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and structurally varied of all tissues
  • connective tissue= cells + extracellular matrix
  • extracellular matrix= fibers + ground substance
  • tendons, ligament, body fat, blood, bones, and cartilage
  • the “glue” and “filler” of body
45
Q

connective tissue function (7)

A
  • connect and support body structures
  • physical protection
  • support and structural framework
  • binding of structures
  • storage
  • transport
  • immune protection
46
Q

connective tissue classification

A
  • CT proper
  • supporting CT
  • fluid CT
47
Q

cells of connective tissue proper

A

1) resident cells

2) wandering cells

48
Q

resident CT cells

A
  • DONT MOVE
  • fibroblasts
  • adipocytes
  • fixed macrophages
  • mesenchymal cells
49
Q

wandering CT cells

A
  • MOVE
  • mast and plasma cells
  • free macrophages
  • leukocytes
50
Q

fibres of connective tissue

A

produced by CT cells and secreted into extracellular matrix

1) collagen fibers
2) elastic fibers
3) reticular fibers

51
Q

CT collagen fibers

A
  • 70% of CT fibres
  • long thick, unbranching, strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching
  • collagen makes up 25% of protein in body, most abundant protein
52
Q

CT elastic fibers

A
  • thinner than collagen, stretch easily, branch, and rejoin

- allow structures like blood vessels to stretch and relax

53
Q

CT reticular fibers

A
  • thinner than collagen fibres
  • form a meshwork-like configuration
  • found in organs with abundant spaces and acts as packing material
54
Q

CT ground substance

A
  • combo of proteins and carbohydrates

- additional content like water and salts can result in semi-fluid texture (adipose, fat) or hard texture (bone)

55
Q

CT proper categories

A
  • loose CT: fewer protein fibres and more ground substance

- dense CT: more protein fibres and less ground substance

56
Q

Loose CT types

A

serves as body packing material, found in spaces around organs

1) areolar CT
2) adipose CT
3) reticular CT

57
Q

areolar CT

A
  • has fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers
  • can be distorted without damage
  • found subcutaneous to skin
58
Q

adipose CT

A
  • known as “fat”
  • comprised of adipocytes (fat cells) and very little else
  • cells are connected but not strongly adhered to each other
59
Q

reticular CT

A
  • contains reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and leukocytes

- found in spleen lymph nodes, and bone marrow

60
Q

dense CT types

A
  • strong, has fibres (mostly collagen) packed tightly together
    1) dense regular CT
    2) dense irregular CT
    3) elastic CT
61
Q

dense regular CT

A
  • collagen fibres aligned parallel to applied force

- found in tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)

62
Q

dense irregular CT

A
  • bundles of collagen extending in different directions

- in deep portion of skin (dermis) and capsules around organs (liver, kidney, spleen)

63
Q

elastic CT

A
  • elastic fibres provide ability to stretch and recoil

- in vocal cords and large/medium arteries

64
Q

specialized CT

A 
supporting CT:
-cartilage
-bone
Fluid CT:
-blood
65
Q

cartilage tissue types

A

1) hyaline cartilage
2) elastic cartilage
3) firbocartilage

66
Q

cartilage tissue cells

A
  • chondroblasts found growing in cartilage

- chondrocytes

67
Q

cartilage tissue matrix

A
  • gel-like ground substance

- fibers: collagen, elastic fibers in some

68
Q

cartilage tissue general features

A
  • resists compression due to large amounts of water in matrix
  • functions to cushion and support body structures
69
Q

bone tissue types

A

1) compact bone

2) spongy bone

70
Q

bone tissue cells

A
  • osteoblasts

- osteoclasts

71
Q

bone tissue matrix

A
  • gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts

- fibers: collagen

72
Q

bone tissue general features

A
  • hard tissue that resists compression and tension

- functions in support

73
Q

fluid connective tissue

A
  • plasma: watery ground substance containing protein fibres
  • erythrocytes: red blood cells
  • leukocytes: white blood cells
  • platelets: fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

Anatomy Test #1 (8 decks)

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