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Anatomy Test #1 > Chapter 6- Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Joints Flashcards

1
Q

articulation

A

where bone meets

  • another bone
  • cartilage
  • teeth
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2
Q

function of joints

A
  • give skeleton mobility

- hold skeleton mobility

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3
Q

classification of joints

A
  • functional

- structural

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4
Q

functional classification

A

amount of movement joint allows

1) synarthroses- immovable
2) amphiarthroses- slightly movable
3) diarthroses- freely movable

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5
Q

structural classification

A

based on material binding bones and presence of joint cavity

1) fibrous- collagen
2) cartilaginous- holding bone to something else
3) synovial- mostly diarthroses

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6
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • sutures
  • syndemoses
  • gomphoses
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7
Q

sutures

A
  • rigid, interlocking joints
  • immovable joints for brain protection
  • short connective tissue fibres
  • growth during youth
  • sutures ossify and fuse in middle age
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8
Q

syndemoses

A
  • bones connected by ligaments
  • fibre length varies so movement varies:
  • little to no movement at distal tibiofibular joint
  • large amount of movement at interosseous membrane of radius/ulna
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9
Q

gomphoses

A
  • peg-in-socket teeth joints

- fibrous connection is periodontal ligament

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10
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

-bones unites by cartilage
-no joint cavity
-not highly movable
2 types
-synchondroses
-symphyses

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11
Q

synchondroses

A
  • bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bone (epiphyseal plate, cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium)
  • all are synarthrotic (no movement)
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12
Q

symphyses

A
  • fibrocartilage unites bone
  • resists tension in one axis (hyaline cartilage)
  • strong, flexible, amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
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13
Q

synovial joints

A
  • bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
  • all are diarthrotic (freely movable)
  • all limbs and most joints
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14
Q

features of synovial joints (6)

A
  • articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • reinforcing ligaments
  • nerves and blood vessels
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15
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage (frictionless cartilage)
  • prevents crushing of bone ends
  • prevents bones from rubbing
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16
Q

joint cavity

A
  • small, fluid-filled potential space

- shape can change

17
Q

articular capsule

A

2 layers

  • external fibrous layer: dense irregular connective tissue, strong collagen
  • inner synovial membrane: loose connective tissue, more areolar. makes synovial fluid allowing for frictionless movement
18
Q

synovial fluid

A
  • viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  • lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
  • has phagoncytic cells to remove microbe and debris
19
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A

1) capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer
2) extracapsular: outside capsule
3) intracapsular: deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane

20
Q

double jointed

A
  • loose, stretchy joint capsule and ligaments

- ligaments allow for greater range of motion than normal

21
Q

nerves and blood vessels

A
  • nerve fibers detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch
  • capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
22
Q

fatty pads

A
  • for cushioning between fibrous layer and synovial membrane or bone
  • hip and knee
23
Q

articular discs

A
  • fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve fit of bone ends
  • stabilize joint and reduce wear and tear
  • knees (menisci) , jaw etc.
24
Q

bursae

A
  • sacs lined with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid
  • reduce friction
25
Q

tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursa wrapped around tendon subjected to friction

26
Q

stabilizing factors of synovial joints

A

1) shapes of articular surfaces
2) ligament number and location
3) muscle tendons that cross joint (muscle tone keeps tendons taut) most important factor

27
Q

origin and insertion

A
  • all muscles attach at no fewer than 2 points
  • origin: attachment to immovable bone
  • insertion: attachment to movable bone, the one that gets pulled
  • insertion moves toward origin
  • movement occurs along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
28
Q

types of synovial joint motion (4)

A

1) gilding
2) angular movements
3) rotation
4) special movements

29
Q

gliding

A
  • flat bone over another similar surface
  • not fixed around pivot point
  • intercarpal joints, inter tarsal joints, articular processes of vertebrae
30
Q

angular movements

A
  • flexion, extension, hyperextension
  • abduction, adduction
  • circumduction
31
Q

flexion, extension, hyperextention

A
  • increase or decrease angle between 2 bones
  • movement alone sagittal plane
  • flexion: decrease angle
  • extension: increase angle
  • Hyperextension: excessive extension beyond normal range of motion
32
Q

abduction, adduction

A
  • movement along frontal plane
  • abduction: movement away from midline
  • adduction: movement toward midline
33
Q

circumduction

A
  • involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
  • limb describes cone in space
  • proximal end stays stationary, distal end goes in circular motion
  • only upper and lower limbs
34
Q

rotation

A
  • turning of bone around its own axis
  • toward or away from midline
  • medial and lateral rotation
  • between C1 and C2 vertebrae, rotation of humerus and femur, pronation and supination
35
Q

synovial joint shapes (6)

A
  • plane joints (wrist)
  • hinge joints (elbow)
  • pivot joints (radioulnar)
  • condylar joints (MCP)
  • saddle joints (CMC)
  • ball-and-socket joints (hip, shoulder)
36
Q

special joint movements (6)

A
  • pronation & supination
  • dorsiflexion & plantar flexion
  • inversion & eversion
  • protraction & retraction
  • elevation & depression
  • opposition

Anatomy Test #1 (8 decks)

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