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Anatomy Test #1 > Chapter 2- Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Cells Flashcards

1
Q

prototypical cell

A

-a generalized cell

combines features from many different cells for teaching

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2
Q

3 basic parts of human cells

A

1) plasma (cell) membrane
2) cytoplasm
3) nucleus

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3
Q

cell membrane

A
  • thin outer border of cell
  • selective physical/chemical barrier deciding what comes into/leaves the cell
  • regulates passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes between internal and external environment of cell
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4
Q

intracellular

A

inside cell

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5
Q

extracellular

A

outside cell

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6
Q

composition/structure of cell membrane

A

composed of 2 molecular components: 1) lipids

2) proteins

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7
Q

membrane lipids

A
  • 2 layers: inner and outer

- insoluble in water (by hydrophiic and hydrophobic ends)

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8
Q

types of lipid membranes

A

1) phospholipids- polar & non-polar ends
2) cholesterol- strengthens and stabilizes against extreme temps
3) glycolipids- have carbohydrates attached (glycocalyx)

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9
Q

functions of cell membrane (4)

A
  • communication
  • intercellular connection
  • physical barrier
  • selective permeability
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10
Q

protein specific functions of cell membrane (6)

A
  • transport
  • intercellular connection
  • anchors the cytoskeleton
  • enzyme activity
  • cell-cell recognition
  • signal transduction
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11
Q

passive membrane transport

A
  • does not require energy from cell
  • materials move from higher concentration down to area of lower concentration (diffusion)
  • free
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12
Q

active membrane transport

A
  • requires energy from cell (ATP)
  • materials are moved up/against concentration gradient OR material is not soluble in membrane
  • costs ATP
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13
Q

exocytosis

A

moving things from inside to outside of cell

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14
Q

endocytosis

A

moving things from outside to inside of cell

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • all materials between cell membrane and nucleus
  • cytosol
  • inclusions
  • organelles
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16
Q

cytosol

A

viscous fluid containing different dissolved substances like:

  • ions
  • nutrients
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • amino acids
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17
Q

inclusions

A

large storage aggregates of complex molecules found in cytosol

a) melanin- brown pigment in skin cells
b) glycogen- long chains of sugars in liver & skeletal muscles

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18
Q

organelles and functions

A
  • “little organs”
  • a type of division labour
  • the type and # of organelles within a cell is the reflection of the cells function
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19
Q

2 classifications of organelles

A

1) membrane-bound

2) non-membrane-bound

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20
Q

membrane-bound organelles (5)

A
  • biochemical activity in organelles is isolated from cytosol and other organelles
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
  • mitochondria
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21
Q

non-membrane-bound organelles (5)

A
  • in direct contact with cytosol
  • ribosomes
  • cytoskeleton
  • centrosomes and centrioles
  • cilia and flagella
  • microvilli
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22
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • network of intracellular membrane-bound tunnels

- enclosed spaces are called cisternae

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23
Q

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

1) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

2) rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

24
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • walls have smooth appearance

- continuous with RER

25
Q

functions of SER

A

1) synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids (steroid hormones)
2) metabolism of carbohydrates
3) detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons

26
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • walls appear rough due to attachment of ribosomes on outside of RER membrane
  • ribosomes synthesize protein
27
Q

functions of RER

A

1) secretion by the cell
2) incorporation into the plasma membrane
3) creation of lysosomes

28
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stacked cisternae whose lateral edges bulge, pinch off, and give rise to small transport and secretory vesicles

29
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • to receive proteins and lipids from RER for modification, sorting, and packaging
  • receiving region is cis-face
  • shipping region is trans-face
30
Q

lysosomes

A

-vesicles generated by Golgi apparatus

31
Q

lysosomes functions

A
  • contains enzymes used to digest & remove waste products and damaged organelles within cells (autophagy)
  • when a cell is dying it releases lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell (autolysis)
32
Q

autophagy

A

an ordered and purposeful digestion of cellular components

33
Q

autolysis

A

when digestive enzymes leak out of lysosomes and start destroying the cell

34
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • vesicles smaller than lysosomes

- use oxygen and and enzyme (catalase) to detoxify harmful molecules taken into cell

35
Q

mitochondria

A
  • bean-shapes organelle with double membrane
  • inner membrane folds into shelf-like cristae
  • internal fluid= matrix
  • cells that require more energy have more mitochondria than those requiring less energy
36
Q

function of mitochondria

A

produce a high energy containing molecule called ATP on the cristae

37
Q

ribosomes

A
  • large and small subunit
  • responsible for proteins synthesis
  • free ribosomes float unattached
  • fixed ribosomes are attached to outer surface of RER
38
Q

cytoskeleton

A

-proteins organized in cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes

39
Q

protein types of cytoskeleton

A

1) microfilaments
2) intermediate filaments
3) microtubules

40
Q

microfilaments

A
  • 7nm thick
  • maintain and change cell shape
  • participate in muscle contraction and cell division
41
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • 8-12nm thick

- provide structural support and stabilize junctions between adjacent cells

42
Q

microtubules (6)

A
  • 25nm thick hollow tubes
  • radiate for centrosome
  • fix organelles in palce
  • maintain cells shape and rigidity
  • direct movement of organelles in cell
  • allow cell mobility in cilia and flagella
43
Q

cilia and flagella

A

projections of cell containing cytoplasm and microtubules capable of movement

44
Q

cilia

A

grouped on cells that move objects across their surface

ex: respiratory tree and oviduct

45
Q

flagella

A

longer, usually singular, to propel a cell

ex: sperm

46
Q

microvilli

A
  • extensions of cell, not capable of motion
  • smaller than cilia
  • increase surface area to increase absorption of food
  • on surface of cells of small intestine
47
Q

lumen

A

hollow cavity on inside of any organ or tissue

48
Q

nucleus

A
  • control centre for cellular activity

- contains DNA

49
Q

DNA

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • when not dividing, nuclear DNA is unwound into fine filaments called chromatin
  • during cell division chromatin coils tightly to for chromosomes
50
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • double membrane structure
  • controls entry and exit of molecules from nucleus and cytoplasm
  • outer membrane in continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
51
Q

nuclear pores

A

selectively permeable channels that allow some molecules in or out of the nucleus

52
Q

nucleoli

A
  • dark staining bodies within the nucleus

- responsible for making the components of the small and large units of the ribosome

53
Q

life cycle of cell

A

always in either interphase or mitotic phase

54
Q

interphase

A
  • maintenance (resting) phase between cell divisions where the following activities occur:
  • normal activities
  • prep for cell division
  • majority of life in this phase
55
Q

mitotic phase

A

when the cell divides

56
Q

steps of protein flow through Golgi apparatus

A

1) protein-containing vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of Golgi apparatus
2) proteins are modified within Golgi compartments
3) proteins are packaged within different vesicles depending on their destination

57
Q

pathways of protein flow through Golgi apparatus

A

A) vesicle contents destined for exocytosis
B) vesicle membrane to be incorporated into plasma membrane
C) lysosome containing acid hydrolyses enzymes

Anatomy Test #1 (8 decks)

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