Chapter 7 : Motivation

Question 1

3 sets of distinct efforts

Answer 1

directions
* are you working on what you should be working on?

intensity
* are you working hard, or hardly working?

persistence
* will you keep working when things get tough?

Question 2

engagement

Answer 2

high level of intensity and persistence in employees work

Question 3

two broad classes of motivation

Answer 3

explain direction of effort
* expectancy theory

explain the intensity and persistence of effort

• goal setting theory
• equity theory
• psychological empowerment theory

Question 4

Expectancy theory (definition)

Answer 4

people are more motivated to perform activities that they can accomplish and that lead to valued outcomes or how they can make the choices that take them in the right direction

Question 5

3 core beliefs of expectancy theory

Answer 5

1. expectancy
2. instrumentality
3. valence

Question 6

Expectancy

Answer 6

the belief that a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of the task

“if I exert a lot of effort, I will perform well”

Question 7

Instrumentality

Answer 7

the belief that successful performances will result in the outcome

” If I perform well, I will receive outcomes”

Question 8

Valence

Answer 8

The anticipated value of outcomes associated with performance

“Will the outcomes be satisfying?”

Question 9

Self-efficacy

Answer 9

• belief in one’s ability to influence events that one’s life and control over the way these events are experienced
• shapes expectancy for a particular task
• ability to influence at the end of the result

Question 10

2 Valence points

Answer 10

1. why are some outcomes more attractive than others?
   * needs
2. what does pay have such high valence?
   * meaning of money (achievement, respect, freedom)

Question 11

Extrinsic motivation vs. Intrinsic motivation

Answer 11

Extrinsic

• focus on expectancy theory
  
  • motivated by what my performance will lead to

Intrinsic

• implies satisfaction with work itself
  
  • motivated by the work itself

Question 12

Intensity and persistence theories

Answer 12

1. goal setting

2. equity theory

Question 13

Goal setting

Answer 13

• why having a goal is more motivating than simply trying to do one’s best

Goals are more motivating when

• they’re specific
• challenging
• people are committed to them
• people get feedback on progress
• focus on performance or learning
• they’re SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-based)

Question 14

Equity theory

Answer 14

• compares your ratio of outcomes & inputs to others

3 possibilities

=

<
* triggers equity stress = envy and anger

>

• triggers distress = anxiety, guilt

Question 15

How to restore equity

Answer 15

• shrink outcomes (less money etc)
• increase intensity & resistance of effort (increase discretionary behaviour)
• increase inputs by rethinking them