Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to encode new memories from our experiences.
Chunking
Organizing information into meaningful groupings,allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory.
Context-Dependent Learning
Superior retrieval of memories whenthe external context of the original memoriesmatches the retrieval context.
Cryptomnesia
Failure to recognize that our ideasoriginated with someone else.
Decay
Fading of information from memory over time.
Distributed vs. Massed Practice
Studying information in small increments overtime (distributed) versus in largeincrementsover a brief amount of time (massed).
Echoic Memory
Auditory sensory memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal
Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningfulway to improve retention of information inshort-term memory.
Encoding
process of getting information into our memory banks.
Encoding Specificity
Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which weretrieve information are similar to the conditionsunder which we encoded it.
Episodic Memory
Recollection of events in our lives. Metal Diary Right Frontal Cortex Activation
Explicit memory
Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness. Damage to Hippocampus impairs explicit memory.
Flashbulb Memory
Emotional memory that is extraordinarilyvivid and detailed.
Iconic Memory
Visual sensory memory.
Implicit memory
Memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously.
Infantile Amnesia
Inability of adults to remember personalexperiencesthat took place at an early age.
Interference
Loss of information from memory because ofcompetition from additional information.
Levels of Processing
Depth of transforming information,which influences how well we remember it.
Long-Term Depression (LTD)
Long-lasting weakening of the connections betweentwo neurons after low patterns of activation.
Long-Term Memory
Relatively enduring (from minutes to years)retention of information stored regarding ourfacts, experiences, and skills.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) 7
Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place.
Magic Number
The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information.
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating stimuli in their original form toretain them in short-term memory.
Memory
Retention of information over time.
Memory Illusion
False but subjectively compelling memory.
Meta-Memory
Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations.
Misinformation Effect
Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place.
Mnemonic
A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall.
Permastore
Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent.
Primacy Effect
Tendency to remember words at thebeginning of a list especially well.
Priming
Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli.
Proactive Interference
Interference with acquisition of new informationdue to previous learning of information.
Procedural memory
Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits.
Recall
Generating previously remembered information.
Recency Effect
Tendency to remember words at theend of a list especially well.
Recognition
Selecting previously remembered informationfrom an array of options.
Rehearsal
Repeating information to extend the duration ofretention in short-term memory and promote thelikelihood of transfer to long-term memory.
Relearning
Reacquiring knowledge we’d previously learnedbut largely forgotten over time.
Retrieval
Reactivation or reconstruction of experiencesfrom our memory stores.
Retrieval Cues
Hints that makes it easier for us to recall information.
Retroactive Interference
Interference with retention of old informationdue to acquisition of new information.
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memories from our past.
Schema
Organized knowledge structure or mentalmodel that we’ve stored in memory.
Semantic Memory
Our knowledge of facts about the world. Mental Dictionary. Left Front Cortex Activation.
Sensory Memory
Brief storage of perceptual information beforeit is passed to short-term memory.
Serial Position Curve
Graph depicting both primacy and recency effectson people’s ability to recall items on a list.
Short-Term Memory
Memory system that retains information for limited durations.
Source Monitoring Confusion
Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory.
State-Dependent Learning
Superior retrieval of memories when the organismis in the same physiological or psychological stateas it was during.
Storage
Process of keeping information in memory.
Suggestive Memory Technique
Procedure that encourages patients to recallmemoriesthat may or may not have taken place.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)
Experience of knowing that we knowsomething but being unable to access it.
Von Restorff Effect
Tendency to remember stimuli that are distinctive orthat stick out like sore thumbs from other stimuli.
Models of Memory
Freudian •All memories (especially tragic) are preserved but not accessible necessarily (repressed). • special strategies to recover repressed memories • linked to suggestibility Videotape Model • Updated Freudian model • some memories are intact for a long time and can be played at will • not supported Biological Model • Complex memories not stored in single cell • Some memories last long time if repeatedly activated through recall • Acknowledges biological limitations of brain
Role of Amygdala
Remember emotional facts in a memory or event, especially fear.
Role of Hippocampus
Remember facts of an event Injuries affect: • Impaired explicit memory and cause anterograde amnesia • Loss of consciousness can cause retrograde amnesia
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
3 Stage Memory Model • Sensory Memory 1-10 secs • Short Term Memory 7+-2 items, 20 secs • Long Term Memory
