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PSY EXAM STUDY DECK > Chapter 7 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences.

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2
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into meaningful groupings,allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory.

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3
Q

Context-Dependent Learning

A

Superior retrieval of memories whenthe external context of the original memoriesmatches the retrieval context.

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4
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

Failure to recognize that our ideasoriginated with someone else.

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5
Q

Decay

A

Fading of information from memory over time.

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6
Q

Distributed vs. Massed Practice

A

Studying information in small increments overtime (distributed) versus in largeincrementsover a brief amount of time (massed).

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7
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Auditory sensory memory.

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8
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningfulway to improve retention of information inshort-term memory.

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9
Q

Encoding

A

process of getting information into our memory banks.

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10
Q

Encoding Specificity

A

Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which weretrieve information are similar to the conditionsunder which we encoded it.

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11
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Recollection of events in our lives. Metal Diary Right Frontal Cortex Activation

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12
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness. Damage to Hippocampus impairs explicit memory.

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13
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Emotional memory that is extraordinarilyvivid and detailed.

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14
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual sensory memory.

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15
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously.

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16
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

Inability of adults to remember personalexperiencesthat took place at an early age.

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17
Q

Interference

A

Loss of information from memory because ofcompetition from additional information.

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18
Q

Levels of Processing

A

Depth of transforming information,which influences how well we remember it.

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19
Q

Long-Term Depression (LTD)

A

Long-lasting weakening of the connections betweentwo neurons after low patterns of activation.

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20
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Relatively enduring (from minutes to years)retention of information stored regarding ourfacts, experiences, and skills.

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21
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) 7

A

Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place.

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22
Q

Magic Number

A

The span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information.

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23
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating stimuli in their original form toretain them in short-term memory.

24
Q

Memory

A

Retention of information over time.

25
Q

Memory Illusion

A

False but subjectively compelling memory.

26
Q

Meta-Memory

A

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations.

27
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place.

28
Q

Mnemonic

A

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall.

29
Q

Permastore

A

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent.

30
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Tendency to remember words at thebeginning of a list especially well.

31
Q

Priming

A

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli.

32
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Interference with acquisition of new informationdue to previous learning of information.

33
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits.

34
Q

Recall

A

Generating previously remembered information.

35
Q

Recency Effect

A

Tendency to remember words at theend of a list especially well.

36
Q

Recognition

A

Selecting previously remembered informationfrom an array of options.

37
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information to extend the duration ofretention in short-term memory and promote thelikelihood of transfer to long-term memory.

38
Q

Relearning

A

Reacquiring knowledge we’d previously learnedbut largely forgotten over time.

39
Q

Retrieval

A

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiencesfrom our memory stores.

40
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

Hints that makes it easier for us to recall information.

41
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Interference with retention of old informationdue to acquisition of new information.

42
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories from our past.

43
Q

Schema

A

Organized knowledge structure or mentalmodel that we’ve stored in memory.

44
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Our knowledge of facts about the world. Mental Dictionary. Left Front Cortex Activation.

45
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Brief storage of perceptual information beforeit is passed to short-term memory.

46
Q

Serial Position Curve

A

Graph depicting both primacy and recency effectson people’s ability to recall items on a list.

47
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

Memory system that retains information for limited durations.

48
Q

Source Monitoring Confusion

A

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory.

49
Q

State-Dependent Learning

A

Superior retrieval of memories when the organismis in the same physiological or psychological stateas it was during.

50
Q

Storage

A

Process of keeping information in memory.

51
Q

Suggestive Memory Technique

A

Procedure that encourages patients to recallmemoriesthat may or may not have taken place.

52
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)

A

Experience of knowing that we knowsomething but being unable to access it.

53
Q

Von Restorff Effect

A

Tendency to remember stimuli that are distinctive orthat stick out like sore thumbs from other stimuli.

54
Q

Models of Memory

A

Freudian •All memories (especially tragic) are preserved but not accessible necessarily (repressed). • special strategies to recover repressed memories • linked to suggestibility Videotape Model • Updated Freudian model • some memories are intact for a long time and can be played at will • not supported Biological Model • Complex memories not stored in single cell • Some memories last long time if repeatedly activated through recall • Acknowledges biological limitations of brain

55
Q

Role of Amygdala

A

Remember emotional facts in a memory or event, especially fear.

56
Q

Role of Hippocampus

A

Remember facts of an event Injuries affect: • Impaired explicit memory and cause anterograde amnesia • Loss of consciousness can cause retrograde amnesia

57
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

3 Stage Memory Model • Sensory Memory 1-10 secs • Short Term Memory 7+-2 items, 20 secs • Long Term Memory

PSY EXAM STUDY DECK (9 decks)

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