Chapter 6 - Learning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
- Simplest form of learning
- Demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov
- Previously neutral stimuli can come to elicit new autonomic responses when paired with naturally effective stimuli
Conditioned Response
Response previously elicited by US now also elicited by Conditioned Stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery
Renewed effectiveness of the CS without additional pairings with US; but at a lower level than previous peak response
Stimulus Generalization
-Recognizing similar stimuli to original CS as effective CSs; but at a lower rate
Stimulus Discrimiation
-Not recognizing dissimilar stimuli to original CS as effective CSs; limit to how different a stimulus can be
Higher-Order Conditioning
-Developing a CR to a CS by its association with another CS
Explain how drug addiction and classical conditioning can interact to cause overdose
- Shep Siegel at McMaster
- Conditioned Compensatory Response increases tolerance in familiar environments
- When familiar environment is removed, compensatory response does not occur and tolerance goes down=possible overdose
Factors influencing Classical Conditioning
NIRT
- Number of pairings of CS and US; more pairings=stronger CR
- Intensity of US paired with CS; eg., painful dog bite=faster conditioning
- how Reliable the CS predicts the US; eg., smoke alarm that only goes off when fire=more fear
- Temporal Relationship between CS and US; fastest conditioning when CS shortly before US
Operant Conditioning (vs classical)
- Behaviour is voluntarily emitted (“spontaneously exhibited”) and then followed by effect (reinforcement/punishment)
- VS Classical, where behaviour is elicited (“triggered”) in response to CS
Classical = Autonomic; John B. Watson Operant = Voluntary; B.F. Skinner
Reinforcement (RF)
- Anything following a behaviour that increases that behaviour
- Operationally defined; no value judgement; so “bad” behaviours can be reinforced
Punishment (P)
- Anything following a behaviour that decreases that behaviour
- Operationally defined; no value judgement; so “good” behaviour can be punished
Positive and Negative in regards to operant conditioning
- Positive=something (stimulus) is presented
- Negative=something (stimulus) is taken away
- Both can either be RF(+/-) or P(+/-)
Shaping
- Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behaviour
- eg., getting rat to roll over in progressive steps: food only for standing still, lying down, leaning to one side, then finally, rolling over
Two process theory
Complex behaviour involves both types of learning and both involve processes like extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination
Continuous Reinforcement
-The idea that a RF must follow a response every time for max conditioning = wrong
