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PSY EXAM STUDY DECK > Chapter 5 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

How much sleep do we need?

A

7-10h per day

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2
Q

Newborns need how much sleep?

A

> 16h per day

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3
Q

Four things sleep is critical for

A
  • Immune system
  • Memory consolidation
  • Neuronal development
  • Neuronal connectivity
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4
Q

Six effects of sleep deprivation

A
  • Depression
  • Difficulty learning
  • Slowed reaction time
  • Hallucinations
  • Health problems (heart, BP, immune system, diabetes)
  • Weight gain
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5
Q

Sleep in predators vs prey

A

Predators sleep more than prey. Prey who can hide well sleep more.

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6
Q

Stages of sleep (non-REM)

A

Stage 1: Light sleep; theta waves; transition between sleep and waking; myoclonic jerks

Stage 2: Up to 65% of total night’s sleep; sleep spindles & K-complexes

Stage 3&4: Deep sleep; ~25% of sleep (40% in children); delta waves

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7
Q

Define: Sleep Spindles

A

Intense bursts of electrical activity; 12-14 per second (during stage 2)

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8
Q

Define: K-complexes

A

Sharply rising and falling waves (during stage 2)

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9
Q

Define: REM sleep

A

-Rapid Eye Movement; 20-25% total; “paradoxical” or “active” sleep

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10
Q

Physical markers of REM

A

Increased HR; darting closed eyes; paralysis; midde ear muscular activity (MEMA); surge in epinephrine and adrenaline

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11
Q

When does REM happen?

A
  • At about 90 in into sleep cycle
  • After 2 or 3 cycles, no more stage 4
  • First REM is 10-15 min but gets progressively longer
  • % REM stays same with age but quality and quantity changes (links to brain maturation)
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12
Q

Necessity of REM?

A
  • Deprivation causes irritability, attention lapses, difficulty concentrating; death in rats
  • Importance might be REM’s role in dreaming (80% awakened during REM reported dreaming)
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13
Q

Define: REM rebound

A
  • Lost REM tends to be made up the next night

- May cause more nightmares

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14
Q

Define: Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of Dreaming

A
  • Surges of acetylcholine activate neurons on pons which turns on REM (triggering dreams)
  • Meanwhile serotonin and norepinephrine shut down thereby decreasing attention cognitive reasoning.
  • Forebrain attempts to make sense of the random patterns of activity
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15
Q

Damage to what part of brain can eliminate dreaming?

A

Forebrain, especially parietal lobe; even when pons is intact

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16
Q

Define: Neurocognitive Perspective on Dreaming

A
  • Dreams are meaningful product of our cognitive capacities
  • Dreams are fairly consistent over time so neurotransmitters and random neural impulses don’t tell the whole story
  • Evidence from journal logs shows that dream contents are relevant to everyday issues
17
Q

General consensus on Sleep & Dreaming:

A

-Acetylcholine triggers REM + Forebrain plays an important role

18
Q

Dreams perform what higher functions?

A

PLIRP/ RIP LP

  • Processing emotional exp
  • Learning new strategies
  • Integrating
  • Reorganizing and consolidating
  • Practice responses
19
Q

=Psychoactive Drug

A

-A substance that affects behaviour and mental process through alteration of conscious awareness

20
Q

Symptoms of Addiction

A
  • Intense urge
  • Having to take regularly
  • Making sure to have steady supply
  • Not meeting obligations
  • Continuing use despite health, legal, financial, social problems
  • Risky behaviour to obtain
  • Failing attempts to stop
  • Withdrawal symptoms
21
Q

Stimulant

A
  • Increase activity of CNS
  • “Uppers”: increase BP, resp., and HR
  • Caffeine; Nicotine; Cocaine; Methamphetamine; Adderal; Ritalin; Concerta; “Bath Salts”
22
Q

Nicotine

A
  • Activates receptors sensitive to Acetylcholine, leading to relaxation and alertness
  • Builds tolerance in hours
23
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Blocks reuptake of Dopamine; stimulates reward or pleasure centres
  • Drug of choice for animals addicted to multiple drugs
  • Intense up and down
24
Q

Amphetamines work?

A
  • Blocks reuptake of AND releases Dopamine in synaptic cleft

- “Superhuman” feelings; crawling sensations’ tooth decay

25
Q

Depressants; and give examples

A
  • Slow down CNS activity

- Alcohol, Barbituates, Tranquilizers

26
Q

Tranquilizers, and their consequences?

A
  • Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
  • Ketamine
  • Excess use=temporary or permanent memory impairment
27
Q

Opiates and give examples

A
  • Reduce pain, produce euphoria, calming effect, impaired concentration, constipation
  • Releases dopamine; tolerance builds quickly
  • Known as narcotics
  • Opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, Oxycontin, Vicodin, Fentanyl
28
Q

Hallucinogens/Psychedelics and give examples

A
  • Affect perception and distort reality

- Marijuana, LSD, MDMA

29
Q

Marijuana (components, effects)

A
  • Tetrahydocannabinol: Pain reliever; anti-nausea; appetite stim; sleep aid
  • Cannabidiol (CBD): Anti-inflammatory; anti-epileptic; anti-anxiety; anti-nausea
  • Dry mouth; red eyes; impairs attention, coordination; memory, reaction time; sensitivity to sound and colour
  • Chronic, early, and heavy use: associated with amotivational syndrome and impaired cognitive function
30
Q

Marijuana onset, max effect, duration; inhaled and oral

A
  • Inhaled: >15min; >15 min; 3-4 h

- Oral: 30-90min; 2-3 h; 4-8 h

31
Q

LSD

A
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide
  • Kaleidoscope colours, mystical experiences
  • Mimics and interferes with serotonin at synapse
32
Q

MDMA

A
  • Has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

- Releases serotonin

33
Q

Agonist

A

-Psychoactive drugs that increase neurotransmitter receptor site activity

34
Q

Two drugs that are agonists and how they work

A
  • THC has similar properties to Anandamine (involved with pain, depression, appetite, memory)
  • Opiates act like Endorphins (euphoria, no pain, all good)
35
Q

Two drugs that release neurotransmitters and/or block reuptake

A
  • Cocaine blocks reuptake

- Amphetamines increase dopamine and block reuptake

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