Chapter 7: Head and neck Flashcards
Structures of Head
Vertex: top Frontal bone Orbit Zygomatic arch Maxilla Mandible Mastoid Process Mastoid portion of temporal bone occipital bone temporal bone parietal bone
Structures of eyes>external
Upper eyelid Sclera covered by conjunctiva lateral canthus lower eyelid iris limbus pupil medial canthus cornea anterior chamber posterior chamber lens lacrimal gland puncta nasolacrimal duct
internal structures>eye
Vitreous body optic disk physiologic cup fovea macula artery vein optic disc disc:cup ratio 2:1
confrontation
tests visual fields
position and alignment
inward/outward deviation
outward protrusion: graves disease/ocular tumors
anisicoria
unequal pupil less than 0.5mm-normal in20% of population
pupil reaction to light
direct-same eye
consensual-opposite eye
EOMI
conjugate movements: together
dysconjugate-deviation
nystagmus: fine rhythmic oscillations of eyes
testing: 6 cardianl directions plus convergence
papilledema
swelling of the optic disc and anterior bulging of the physiologic cup. Increased icp is transmitted to the optic nerve, causing stasis of axoplasmic flow, intra-axonal edema, and swelling of the optic nerve head. Signals serios disorders of brain: meningitis, san, tram, mass lesions
auricle/helix
external ear
auricle: cartilage
helix: curved portion
lobule
earlobe
tragus
nodular eminence that points backward over entrance to ear canal
ear canal
EAM-external auditory meatus
approx 24mm long
eustachian tube
connects middle ear to nasopharynx
weber test
tuning fork at crown of head_test for lateralization. normal: heard equal both ears
Unilateral conductive loss: sound lateralized to impaired ear
Unilateral sensorineural loss: sound heard in good ear
rinne test
tuning fork at bae of mastoid bone. when patient cant hear sound withdraw and have them listen through air
conductive hearing loss
sound heard through bone as long or > than air
BC=AC or BC>AC
sensorineural hearing loss
sound is heard longer through air
AC>BC
nose structures
tip anterior naris vestibule cartilaginous portion of nasal septum bony portion of nasal septum superior turbinate middle turbinate inferior turbinate nasopharynx opening to eustachian tube
sinuses
maxiallary and frontal
mouth
gingival margin upper lip interdental papillae gingiva labial frenulum lingual frenulum
tooth structure and surrounding tissues
crown enamel dentin root gingival margin
teeth
32 teeth: 8 per side; 16 top/16 bottom medial incisor (1 per side) lateral incisor (1) canine (1) premolar (2) 1st molar -6 year- (1) 2nd molar -12 year- (1) 3rd molar - wisdom- (1)
throat
hard palate soft palate uvula pharynx tongue ant pillar tonsils post pillar buccal mucosa-lines cheeks
neck triangles
trapezius muscle sternomastoid muscle ant triangle post triangle clavicle manubrium
midline neck structures
hyoid bone thyroid cartilage trachea clavicle cricoid cartilage thyroid bone thyroid isthmus
Lymph nodes
Preauricular post auricular Occipital Submandibular Submental ant cervical post cervical deep cervical supraclavicular
Headaches
Migraine vs tension vs cluster
Fovea
Small depression lateral and inferior to optic disk. Responsible for central vision
Macula
Yellow spot surround the fovea
