Chapter 17: The Nervous System Flashcards
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves, spinal and peripheral nerves
frontal lobe
The frontal lobes are considered our emotional control center and home to our personality. There is no other part of the brain where lesions can cause such a wide variety of symptoms (Kolb & Wishaw, 1990). The frontal lobes are involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior. The frontal lobes are extremely vulnerable to injury due to their location at the front of the cranium, proximity to the sphenoid wing and their large size.
parietal lobe
The parietal lobes can be divided into two functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system. The first function integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition). The second function constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us. Individuals with damage to the parietal lobes often show striking deficits, such as abnormalities in body image and spatial relations (Kandel, Schwartz & Jessel, 1991).
occipital lobe
The occipital lobes are the center of our visual perception system. They are not particularly vulnerable to injury because of their location at the back of the brain, although any significant trauma to the brain could produce subtle changes to our visual-perceptual system, such as visual field defects and scotomas.
cerebellum
The cerebellum is involved in the coordination of voluntary motor movement, balance and equilibrium and muscle tone. It is located just above the brain stem and toward the back of the brain
brainstem
The brain stem plays a vital role in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness. All information to and from our body passes through the brain stem on the way to or from the brain. Like the frontal and temporal lobes, the brain stem is located in an area near bony protrusions making it vulnerable to damage during trauma.
midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon (from the Greek mesos - middle, and enkephalos - brain[1]) is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation
pons
The pons is a structure located on the brain stem, named after the Latin word for “bridge” or the 16th-century Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio (pons Varolii).[1] It is cranial to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds, this means it is above the medulla, below the midbrain, and anterior to the cerebellum. This white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.[2]
The pons in humans measures about 2.5 cm in length. Most of it appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral to the medulla. Posteriorly, it consists mainly of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles[disambiguation needed]. They connect the cerebellum to the pons and midbrain.[3]
The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture
medulla
The medulla oblongata is a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing and sneezing.
Spinal cord
C1-7
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5
CN1
(S)olfactory-smell
CN2
(S)optic: vision
CN3
(M)occulomotor: pupil constriction, opening eye(lid elevation), most EOM
CN4
(M)Trochlear: downward, inward rotation of eye
CN5
(B)Trigeminal: motor: jaw clenching; lateral jaw movement
sensory: facial. nerve has 3 divisions-opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
CN6
(M)Abducens:lateral deviation of eye
CN7
(B)-facial:
motor: facial movements, expression, closing eye, closing mouth
sensory: taste for salty, sweet, sour, bitter (anterior 2/3 tongue)
CN8
(S)-acoustic: hearing-cochlear division; balance-vestibular division
CN9
(B) Glossopharyngeal
motor: pharynx
sensory: posterior portions of eardrum, ear canal, posterior tongue taste
CN10
(B) Vagus
motor: palate, pharynx, larynx
sensory: pharynx, larynx
CN11
(M): spinal accessory-sternomastoid and upper portion of trapezius
CN12
(M)-hypoglossal-tongue
DTR physiology
over both CNS and PNS. Involuntary stereotypical response that may involve as little as 2 neurons (1 afferent sensory, 1 efferent motor) across a single synapse. tapping the tendon activates special sensory fibers in the partially stretched muscle, triggering a sensory impulse that travels to the spinal cord via a peripheral nerve. the stimulated sensory fiber synapses directly with the anterior horn cell innervating the same muscle. when the impulse crosses the neuromuscular junction, the muscle suddenly contracts, completing reflex arc
