Chapter 7 Energy and Nutrient Relations Flashcards
What kind of organisms use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide as the source of their energy?
Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
______ wavelengths of light, such as infrared light, carry ______ energy than shorter wavelengths of light, such as UV light.
long ; less
longer wavelengths have ____ energy
less/little
What type of solar radiation is called photosynthetically active?
visible light
Organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are called _____
prokaryotes
Number of photons striking square meter of surface each second
photon flux density
Within the range of PAR, plants ABSORB mainly ______ wavelengths of light.
blue and red
Within the range of PAR, plants EMIT mainly ______ wavelengths of light.
green
ATP & NADPH act as what to make sugar?
electron donor
Which of the following is not true concerning the effects of infrared light on living things?
It decreases the motion of whole molecules that comprise living things.
Which of the following are true of visible light?
- It makes up about 42% of the total energy of solar radiation at sea level.
- It has sufficient energy to power photosynthesis.
C3 photosynthesis ______.
refers to the conversion of RuBP (enzyme) to a 3-carbon acid called PGA
In ______
photosynthesis, there is a relatively low rate of carbon dioxide uptake. One reason for this is that the enzyme RuBP carboxylase has a low affinity for carbon dioxide
c3
During photosynthesis, photosynthetic pigments absorb photons of light and immediately transfer the energy to ______.
electrons
The two mechanisms that help to reduce high levels of photorespiration in plants are _______ photosynthesis and ________ photosynthesis.
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
C4 Photosynthesis
Ultraviolet light is highly energetic and can break
_______ bonds in the organic molecules that compose living things.
covalent
PEP carboxylase ______.
catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
Carbon fixation in a plant that does C3 photosynthesis refers to ______.
the process where carbon dioxide is incorporated into a 3 carbon organic acid
In plants doing C4 photosynthesis, the four-carbon acids initially produced diffuse into
_________ they can be converted to three-carbon acids and carbon dioxide.
bundle sheath
To minimize the effects of photorespiration, plants concentrate the gas called
________ by using C4 or CAM photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide (co2)
Because PEP carboxylase has a high affinity for carbon dioxide, C4 plants are able to ________ the concentration gradient between the atmosphere and in the inside of their cells. This also allows them to have ________ stomata open, which conserves water.
increase
less
CAM photosynthesis ______.
is found among epiphytes in the canopies of forests
is found in plants in arid and semiarid environments
One limitation of CAM photosynthesis is ______.
carbon dioxide typically enters cells only during the night, reducing carbon availability
Which of the following is NOT true concerning C4 photosynthesis?
PEP carboxylase fixes carbon dioxide into a 4-carbon acid in the bundle sheath cells.
TRUE ANSWERS
C4 plants do better than C3 plants in hot, dry, light intense environments.
Sugars and starches are produced in the bundle sheath cells.
Carbon dioxide is concentrated in the bundle sheath cells.
True or false: CAM plants have lower water use efficiency than C3 or C4 plants.
false
CAM plants have their stomata closed during the day to minimize water loss and usage.
The oceanic environment that supports chemosynthetic autotrophs ______.
may contain sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or thiosulfate which act as energy sources for the organisms
In the CAM pathway for photosynthesis, carbon fixation occurs mainly during the ______
night
The most common type of chemosynthetic bacteria found in the ocean oxidizes
______ as their energy source.
sulfur
In CAM photosynthesis, the C4 acid produced in the mesophyll cells at night is broken down into carbon dioxide and _______ during the day. The carbon dioxide will be used to produce ______ and starch.
pyruvate
sugar
Herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores are all examples of ______
heterotrophs
Which of the following is not one of the five main elements that make up living organisms?
sodium
5 MAIN
C H O N P
Photosynthesis Definitions
C3
C4
CAM
Used by most plants and algae ; fixation of CO2
Results in production of PGA
CO2 combined with PEP in mesophyll cells
Sugars produced in bundle sheath cells
Stomata typically opened just during the night
Combine PEP with CO2
Chemosynthetic autotrophs are often found near ______ activity in the deep ocean.
volcanic
Chemosynthetic bacteria in the ocean ______.
may be found associated in symbiotic relationships with other animals such as worms
use carbon dioxide as their carbon source for sugar production
may be free-living and use sulfur as their energy source
Ecological stoichiometry suggests that the
_______ C:N ratio in herbivores, compared to the plants they ingest, causes the consumer to eat more plants to ingest the necessary nitrogen.
low
Organisms that feed on nonliving organic matter, such as decaying plants, are called ______.
detritivores
Herbivores ______.
typically ingest food with lower carbon:nutrient ratio than they require for growth and metabolism
In order to digest cellulose or lignin which plants have as a form of defense, herbivores may have fungi, protists, or ______ that live in their digestive tracts.
bacteria
Digestion-reduction chemicals produced by plants inhibit ______ that break down plant proteins. This reduces the amount of ______ available to the consumers from the plant tissues.
enzymes
nitrogen
Which of the following is NOT true when comparing tropical plant toxins to temperate plant toxins?
Temperate plant species contain more alkaloid toxins than tropical plant species.
TRUE
The alkaloids produced by tropical plants tend to be more toxic than those produced by temperate plants.
Despite the toxins, herbivores remove more leaf biomass in tropical forests than in temperate forests.
There appears to be greater natural selection pressure for chemical defense in tropical forests than in temperate forests.
To study the relationships between ratios of elements in a food resource to the ratios of those same elements in the organism consuming that resource, ecological
_______ is used.
stoichiometry
Cellulose ______.
strengthens plant tissues and increases the C:N ratio in those tissues
The cucumber beetle is a(n) ______ that is able to feed on living cucumbers despite the toxins and repellents the plant produces.
specialist
True or false: All plant toxins result in killing of the consumer that attempts to eat the plant.
False
Some toxins repel or impair the consumer but don’t result in death.
In the Bolser and Hay experiment testing the chemical defenses of tropical versus temperate seaweeds, how did the scientists control for the impact of the seaweeds coming from two distinct locations?
The seaweeds collected from both sites were the same species or genus.
Algae in tropical environments have ______ levels of alkaloid toxins than their counterparts in temperate environments. Also, algae in tropical environments tend to have ______ levels of attacks by herbivores.
higher; higher
The results of the Bolser and Hay experiments where sea urchins were fed temperate and tropical seaweed suggested that
______ seaweeds are better defended against attack by herbivores due to plant toxins.
tropical
they could defend themselves better due to their toxins
Living plant tissues have ______ nitrogen levels compared to plant tissues that fall from the plant and decay.
higher
Nicotine ______.
is a toxic plant alkaloid
A basic type of defense where prey organisms are difficult to find against the background habitat is called _____
camouflage
In the Bolser and Hay experiment testing the chemical defenses of tropical versus temperate seaweeds, why did the scientist freeze-dry the seaweed, mix it with agar, and produce strips of seaweed material?
It negated any affects that could be due to physical differences in the seaweed.
It made quantifying the amount of seaweed eaten by the urchins easy.
Herbaceous plant tissues generally have
_______ C:N ratios, meaning the amount of nitrogen available to consumers is relatively low.
high
Which of the following is more likely to be a warning coloration pattern?
alternating black, yellow, and red stripes on a coral snake
bright, bold colors
The bee in this image exhibits a distinctive warning coloration pattern of black alternating with yellow. This pattern can also be seen in other toxic insects such as wasps and other bee species.
This type of co-mimicry is called _____ mimicry.
Müllerian
When a harmless species displays the same warning coloration pattern as a noxious species, this is called
_______ mimicry.
batesian
Many warning coloration patterns include yellow and/or orange along with sharply contrasting color such as _______
black
Predators, such as the bird in the image, may act as agents of natural selection by increasing the efficacy of prey _______
defense
Size selective predation occurs when predators select their prey based on size. This occurs because size can affect how easy it is to _______ and subdue prey
catch
The rate at which organisms take in energy is limited by several factors. These factors include ______
supply of prey available
the rate ingested food can be processed
To test the photosynthetic potential of plants, they are usually grown in conditions where humidity is ______ and carbon levels are ______.
high humidity
normal carbon and oxygen levels
ideal temp
abundant nutrients and water
Isat shown in this curve is the ______.
photon flux density when the photosynthetic system is saturated
When a predator selects its prey according to the size of the prey, this is called ______.
size-selective predation
Net photosynthesis is calculated as the total carbon dioxide uptake during photosynthesis _______ the carbon dioxide produced by plant respiration.
subtracted
The relationship where an increase in food availability leads to an increased feeding rate for hungry animals (up to a certain point) is called the
_______
functional response
The rate at which organisms take in energy is limited by the ______ of prey and the rate at which the ingested material is processed.
amount
The foraging theory that assumes organisms cannot maximize all of life’s functions when energy is limited is called
_______ foraging.
optimal
Net photosynthesis is the result of
_______ the amount of carbon dioxide produced by plant respiration from the amount of carbon dioxide taken in during _______
subtracting
photosynthesis
The functional response occurs when there is a(n)
______ in food availability for hungry animals, which in turn causes an increase in feeding rate. This rate eventually levels off.
increase
When using optimal foraging theory, one of the most important prey attributes that affects predator energy intake is the _______ of prey.
amount
Optimal foraging theory predicts that natural selection will favor ______ in situations where their access to energy is limited.
individuals who are effective at acquiring energy
Plants forage by orienting or ______ structures that capture light or nutrients.
growing
Which of the following is an example of a prey characteristic that may affect predator energy intake?
amount of time the predator spends removing spines from a prey animal before ingesting the meat
prey abundance
amount of time the predator spends fighting to subdue the prey
According to Bloom and colleagues, plants that grow in light-rich environments should invest more in ______ than in portions of the plant involved in photosynthesis or vertical growth.
roots
Which of the following is not true?
Gasoline and petroleum derivatives are always stored above ground.
TRUE
Some bacteria can use benzene as a source of carbon.
Bacteria may be capable of breaking down benzene from leaking underground storage tanks naturally.
One petroleum derivative that can contaminate soil is benzene.
Some bacteria can use benzene as a source of energy.
Terrestrial plants gather energy from ______ and nutrients from ______.
sunlight; water and soil
A newer method of extracting gold involves leaching ore with ______ which can leak into and contaminated the groundwater.
cyanide (CN-)
When C:N ratios were manipulated by adding sucrose to the environment of bacteria grown in leached gold ores, the ______.
increase in the C:N ratio resulted in 100% breakdown of the available cyanide
When Bloom and colleagues used economic theory and applied it to plants, they predicted that plants in nutrient-rich environments would invest ______ in the growth of stems and leaves and ______ in the growth of roots.
more ; less
True or false: There are no known naturally occurring populations of bacteria that use benzene as their source of carbon and energy.
False
Bacteria near leached gold ore have been found to convert cyanide to ammonia (NH3). The ammonia can then be converted by other bacteria to ______ which can also contaminate the soil.
nitrate
While leached gold ore is a rich source of nitrogen for bacteria, the ore contains little of what other element is necessary for survival?
carbon
