Chapter 13 Species Interactions & Competition Flashcards
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Both species benefit
One species benefits, other does not benefit nor is harmed
One species benefits, other is harmed
A symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit is called
mutualism
The relationship between flowering plants and their insect pollinators is an example of a symbiotic relationship called
mutualism
When an organism such as a tick benefits by sucking blood from a deer who is harmed, this is a symbiotic relationship called
parasitism
A bird eats the insects kicked up and displaced by a cow. The cow does not benefit, but the bird does by eating the insects as food. This type of relationship is called ______.
commensalism
Select all of the major kinds of symbiotic relationships.
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
In a symbiotic relationship called _______ one member is benefited and the other member is neither benefited nor harmed.
commensalism
In what type of symbiotic relationship do both members benefit?
mutualism
If two species interact and one is harmed with no impact on the other, the interaction is classified as ______.
amensalism
Select all of the examples of mutualism.
mycorrhizae
ants and acacia trees
flowering plants and their pollinators
The type of competition that involves the direct interaction between individuals is ______ competition.
interference competition
In what symbiotic relationship does one member benefit while the other is harmed?
parasitism
Competition between members of the same population is ______ competition.
intraspecific competition
Select the example of commensalism.
small marine fishes living among the tentacles of sea anemones
In Toumey’s experiments investigating competition, the purpose of trenching around the perimeter of plots was to ______.
eliminate potential root competition
Competition, where individuals race to consume a limiting resource, can be considered to be a form of ______ competition.
exploitative
Select the statement that represents amensalism.
A tree shades a growing clover preventing optimum growth with no effect on the tree.
In Tilman’s experiments with grass, the addition of nitrogen to the soil resulted in ______ plant biomass in low-density treatments as compared to high-density treatments.
greater
Interference competition involves ______ interaction between individuals.
direct
Self-______ is the process where greater amounts of biomass are concentrated in fewer individuals as plants grow.
thinning
A scientist doing research on competition between crows and vultures would be studying ______ competition.
interspecific
At the end of Toumey’s experiments, the amount of vegetation growing on the ground in the control plots was ______ the amount in the trenched plots.
less than
Self-thinning is the result of ______ competition.
intraspecific
The struggle between individuals for a limited resource is a form of ______ competition for that resource.
exploitative
In Tilman’s experiments with grass, plants grown at higher densities had ______ biomass per plant than those grown at lower densities.
greater
Under self-thinning, plant populations ______ as they grow older.
become less dense
In the “−1/2 self-thinning relationship,” we would expect that plant biomass would ______ as plant density ______.
increase; decreases
Competition between members of the same population is ______ competition
intraspecific
The difference between the two self-thinning rules is that the “-1/2 rule” uses ______ while the “-3/2 rule” uses ______.
total plant biomass ; average plant biomass
In self-thinning, the “thinning” refers to a decrease in ______.
population density
In the results of their experiments with planthoppers about intraspecific competition, Denno and Roderick found that insects grown in the highest density cages were characterized by which of the following?
decreased body length
reduced survivorship
increased development time
Grosholz, based on experimental results, proposed that the effects of competition between isopods were the result of ______.
increased cannibalism
From the perspective of interspecific competition, we would expect that under the competitive exclusion principle, species living together will generally have ______ niches.
different
In the “−1/2 self-thinning relationship,” the “−1/2” refers to the ______ of the line when plotting the log of the plant biomass against the log of plant density.
slope
The beak sizes of Darwin’s finches are related to differences in ______ and those differences result in changes in fitness as some birds were able to out-compete others.
diet
In the “−3/2 self-thinning rule,” we would expect individual plant biomass to ______ as plant density ______.
increase; decreases
The results of mathematical models in ecology can be used to generate ______ for experimental research.
predictions
Denno and Roderick proposed that the effects of the increased competition between planthoppers were the result of ______.
reduced food quality
Grosholz, in his competition experiments, found that isopods grown at higher density had reduced ______ compared to those grown at lower densities.
survivorship
The competitive exclusion principle states that two species with ______ niches cannot coexist indefinitely.
identical
The Lotka-Volterra model assumes that ______ will diminish as a result of both intra- and interspecific competition.
resources
True or false: Under the principle of competitive exclusion, beak size in Darwin’s finches should be linked to differences in feeding niches.
true
competition harms both members so evolution favors avoiding it where possible.
Which of the following are considered to be characteristics of models used in ecological research?
man-made construct
insightful
abstraction
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, the term α21N 1 can be thought of as the number of species ______ that is equivalent to the number of species ______ in depleting resources.
1 ; 2
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, coexistence will occur when ______ competition is greater than ______ competition for both species.
intraspecific; interspecific
In the Lotka-Volterra model of competition, which term is added to the logistic equation for a population to reflect the effects of the competitor?
αN
The zero growth for population 2 would occur when N2 = ______.
N2 = K2−α21N1
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, the competition coefficient α12 measures the effects of an individual of species _____ on species ______.
2 ; 1
In the Lotka-Volterra equations, when the value of the competition coefficient (α) is greater than 1, then we can think of intraspecific competition being ______ interspecific competition.
less than
In the Lotka-Volterra model, when the zero growth isoclines for both species cross, which of the following outcomes could you expect?
either species 1 or 2 wins
coexistence of species 1 and 2
When a population is greater than its isocline of zero population growth, one would expect the population to ______ over time.
decrease
The Lotka-Volterra competition model predicts that coexistence occurs when intraspecific competition is ______ interspecific competition.
stronger than
An important condition of Gause’s experiments with Paramecium species was that ______.
resources were limiting
When grown separately, the carrying capacity for each paramecium species ______ when the bacterial food supply was reduced.
decreased
In the Lotka-Volterra model, when the zero growth isoclines for both speciesDO NOT CROSS, which of the following outcomes could you expect?
Only species 1 wins
Only species 2 wins
When the Lotka-Volterra competition model predicts coexistence, then ______ for species 2.
K2 < K1/α12
When the two species of paramecium were grown together in Gause’s paramecium experiments, reducing the food supply resulted in ______ the time taken for one of the species to go to exclusion.
decreasing
True or false: When the paramecium were grown separately, the change in carrying capacity in response to a change in food supply is evidence of interspecific competition.
False
intraspecific
At intermediate environmental conditions for beetles, Park found that ______ competition in the interspecific competition.
either species could win
True or false: The priority effect in competition occurs when the species that establishes itself in greater numbers first, wins.
true
When the two paramecium species were grown together in Gause’s paramecium experiments with just one food source, the extinction of one of the species is evidence of the ______.
competitive exclusion principle
Hot and wet
Cool and dry
In between
T. castaneum usually dominates
T. confusum usually dominates
Either species could win
The environmental conditions in which one of the Tribolium beetles dominates when grown together in Park’s experiments is considered that species’ ______ niche.
realized niche
The priority effect in competition occurs when the species that ______ wins.
starts with greater numbers
When the two species of Galium were grown in acidic soils in Tansley’s experiments, both species grew ______ when they were grown in more basic soil.
slower than
The environmental conditions in which the Galium species could grow when grown separately in Tansley’s experiments can be considered their ______ niches.
fundamental
In his experiments with barnacles, Connell looked at the effects of competition by transplanting ______ to the lower intertidal zone.
adult Chthamalus
The environmental conditions in which the Tribolium beetles could grow in Park’s experiments without other competitors can be considered their ______ niches.
fundamental
When Tansley grew the two Galium species together, one species dominated in ______.
its native soil type
The environmental conditions in which one of the Galium species dominates, when they are grown together in Tansley’s experiments, is considered that species’ ______ niche.
realized
In the barnacle plots where Balanus was allowed to settle, Chthamalus populations declined due to ______ by the Balanus.
crowding
The local distribution of S. anglica is determined by inundation by ________ and ________.
tides; waves
The environmental conditions in which Chthamalus grows, when Balanus is allowed to persist, is its ______ niche.
realized
True or false: One of the factors strengthening the results of Brown’s experiments on competition between desert rats is that it was conducted at several distant locations
false
done at one site
In his experiments on competition between several species of desert rodents, Brown grouped the species based upon ______ and ______.
size; feeding habits
Along coastal locations with greater fetch, you would expect S. anglica to be found at a __________ in the intertidal zone as compared to more sheltered locations.
higher elevation
The environmental conditions in which Chthamalus can grow, when colonization by Balanus is prevented, is its ______ niche according to Hutchinson.
fundamental
Which of the following factors in Brown’s experiments with desert rats help to provide strong evidence of competition?
large spatial scale
long time scale
well replicated
How did Brown restrict the movement of rodents into and out of the study plots?
fencing
Granivores are organisms that feed on ______ and were divided by Brown into two groups based on their size.
seeds
The expected changes in the populations of the small granivores in Brown’s experiments as a result of competition with ______.
large granivores
Experiments by other researchers and Brown have ______ the results of Brown’s competition experiments supporting his hypothesis.
repeated
By changing the size of holes in the fencing of the desert rodent he was studying, Brown was able to make the study plots “semipermeable” with respect to what characteristic of the rodents?
size
Character displacement occurs when two species differ more from each other when their ranges ______ as compared to where they ______.
overlap; do not overlap
Brown hypothesized that small holes in the fencing would lead to ______ in the populations of small granivorous rodents and ______ in the populations of small insectivorous species.
increases; no change
G. fortis have larger beaks when they are sympatric to G. fulginosa in the Galápagos Islands. This characteristic displacement in beak size would suggest that the species has ______ feeding niches between these locations.
different
One of the six criteria for character displacement to occur is that the observed differences between sympatric and allopatric populations must have a ______ basis.
genetic
The results of Brown’s experiments were consistent with his hypothesis because the populations of small granivores ______ when Dipodomys were excluded.
increased
The study of competition has gone through several phases. Organize the following in order from first (at top) to most recent (at bottom).
- theoretical
- lab models
- experimentation
- re-evaluation
In re-analyzing earlier research on competition, Shoener’s and Connell’s research produced _________ conclusions about the importance of competition in nature.
differing
Character displacement is more likely to occur when two species are ______.
sympatric
overlapping
Character displacement in a sympatric species demonstrates the ______ outcomes of ecological interactions.
evolutionary
Overall, re-analysis of competition research has found that competition is ______ force in organizing nature.
an important
One of the six criteria for character displacement to occur is that differences between pairs of sympatric species must be ______ differences between allopatric populations of the same species.
greater than
The re-evaluation of research on competition has led to which of the following?
focus on experimental design
reanalysis of past research
The difference in results between Connell’s and Schoener’s re-analysis of competition experiments was that they used ______.
different studies and different criteria for analysis
The ability of invasive species to successfully invade is a result of their superior ______ abilities.
competitive
Overall, re-analysis of competition research has found that the importance of competition can vary among ______ and ______.
organisms
environments
The invasive marine snail Batillaria arrived in California as an accidental tourist associated with the introduction of ______ from Japan.
oysters
Competition is ______ factor in the spread of invasive species.
an important
The purpose of Byers’ first experiments with the snails Cerithidea and Batilllaria was to determine the ______.
effects of the snails’ density on their food supply
The spread of Batillaria from its initial colonization site has been limited due to ______.
lack of planktonic larvae
The purpose of Byers’ second experiments with the snails Cerithidea and Battillaria was to determine the effects of snails’ density on ______.
the growth rates of the two species
In the final step to Byers’ research on the invasive snail Batillaria, he used the results from his first two sets of experiments to ______.
develop a computer model of the interaction between Cerithidia and Battillaria
Byers was able to demonstrate the potential for resource competition among snails because diatom (algae) cover ______ when both snail species were present at high densities.
decreased
In the second set of experiments with the snails Cerithidea and Batillaria, Byers found that the growth rate of Batillaria was ______ that of Cerithidea at all densities.
greater than
True or false: As part of his research on the invasive snail Batillaria, Byers was able to demonstrate its competitive dominance to Cerithidea by using research plots that contained both species.
false
