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Ecology 2227 > Chapter 14 Exploitative Interactions > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Exploitative Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following examples is considered an exploitative interaction?

A

a cat killing a sparrow

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2
Q

Identify the role of a predator in a community.

A

Predators take nutrients from other organisms by killing them.

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3
Q

Identify the role of a parasite.

A

to consume nutrients from another organism without killing it

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4
Q

What term is used to describe an organism whose larva kills the host and consumes it?

A

Parasitoid

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5
Q

Which organisms are often classified as pathogens?

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi

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6
Q

Which of the following relationships are considered exploitative interactions?

A

parasite–host

predator–prey

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7
Q

Identify the food preferences for larval Helicopsyche.

A

algae

bacteria

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8
Q

What term is used to describe an organism that will kill and consume other organisms?

A

predator

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9
Q

What term is used to describe an organism that lives on the tissues of another, without killing it?

A

parasite

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10
Q

What percentage of the benthic biomass do the larval Helicopsyche make up in the Lamberti and Resh study?

A

25%

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11
Q

Which organisms are most likely classified as a parasitoid?

A

wasps

flies

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12
Q

At what point of the study did the caddisfly population reach its peak?

A

week 3

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13
Q

What term is used to describe agents that induce disease?

A

pathogens

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14
Q

Which group of organisms is the dominant herbivore in a forest ecosystem?

A

arthropods

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15
Q

The larval of Helicopsyche graze on algae and bacteria growing on exposed surfaces of submerged _______. Feeding on these exposed surfaces makes them easier targets for predators.

A

stones

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16
Q

What was the arthropod density on plants that were visited by bats but not by birds in the Kalka study?

A

65% higher than control plants

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17
Q

Identify the impact that mange mites can have upon a population of red foxes.

A

results in hair loss

results in the death of the red fox

cause skin deterioration

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18
Q

What is the ecological role of the larval Helicopsyche in Lamberti and Resh’s study?

A

consumer

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19
Q

Which of the following prey populations would be impacted by the red fox population?

A

Roe deer
Grouse
Mountain hares

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20
Q

What is the relationship between the caddisfly population and the algal biomass?

A

As the caddisfly population increases the algal biomass decreases.

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21
Q

Which of the following will be the dominant group of herbivores in a forest ecosystem?

A

arthropods

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22
Q

Ecologists studying temporal dynamics will study the interactions between ______.

A

predators and prey

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23
Q

Which group of organisms in the Kalka study had an impact on reducing the arthropod density in tropical forests?

A

Birds and bats both reduced the arthropod density.

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24
Q

If the snowshoe hare population is impacted by the sunspot cycles, which population will be most directly impacted because the hares are affected?

A

lynx

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25
Q

What was the ultimate consequence of mange mites on the red fox population?

A

They decreased the population by over 70%.

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26
Q

According to the predator hypothesis, what will ultimately happen to the prey?

A

Their population will decrease.

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27
Q

What happened to the hare population as a result of the decrease in the red fox population?

A

It increased by two to four times.

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28
Q

Which portion of the boreal forest plays the most critical role in their winter food supply?

A

understory shrubs

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29
Q

How long after snowshoe hares browse on plants will the plant continue to produce chemical defenses? This defense will lower the quality of their food supply.

A

2 years

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30
Q

Temporal dynamics in predator and prey populations of animals are studied over a period of ______.

A

days to decades

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31
Q

Which of the following predators is a specialist on the snowshoe hare?

A

lynx

they rely mainly on snowshoe hares to live

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32
Q

Which population did Charles Elton hypothesize was most directly impacted by the intensity of solar radiation?

A

hares

thought variation in solar radiation would affect their food supply

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33
Q

Lynx and coyotes have the biggest impact on ______ populations.

A

snowshoe hare

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34
Q

Which correlation is correct according to the predator hypothesis? As prey population ______.

A

increases the predator population increases

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35
Q

Which statement is correct about the numerical response of both coyotes and lynxes in response to the increase in the hare population?

A

Both the coyote and lynx populations increased in numbers in response to an increase in the hare population.

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36
Q

What role do understory shrubs play in the life of a snowshoe hare?

A

The shrubs provide cover for the hares.

The shrubs provide a food source.

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37
Q

What is the most immediate consequence of an increase in the snowshoe hare population?

A

The quantity and quality of their food decreases.

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38
Q

What defensive mechanisms will plants produce in response to being preyed upon by snowshoe hares?

A

elevated concentrations of plant defensive chemicals

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39
Q

What happened to the hare population when the Krebs research team reduced the predators on the study plot?

A

The hare density doubled.

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40
Q

Which of the following are considered generalist predators on the snowshoe hare but can use snowshoe hares as their dominate food source when the hare population is large enough?

A

coyotes

red foxes

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41
Q

True or false: The population cycle in the snowshoe hare population is determined strictly by the number of predators in the community.

A

false

The hare population cycle is determined by a combination of the hare population, the predator population, and the food available for the hares.

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42
Q

Identify the predators that play the greatest role in influencing the snowshoe hare population.

A

coyotes

lynx

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43
Q

What was the key to understanding the controls on the snowshoe hare population numbers?

A

studying all three trophic levels simultaneously

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44
Q

Which statement is correct about the functional response of coyotes and lynx to the increase in the hare population?

A

Coyotes killed more hares than lynxes while the hare population was increasing.

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45
Q

What are the main controls on the snowshoe hare population?

A

the size of the predator population and the amount of food available for the snowshoe hare population

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46
Q

True or false: Mathematical models offer population ecologists an opportunity to manipulate variables that cannot be controlled in the field.

A

true

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47
Q

What happened to the hare population when the Krebs research team excluded predators and added food to the study plot?

A

The hare population increased by 11 times.

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48
Q

Identify the trophic levels that influence the population cycle of the snowshoe hare.

A

the predators of the hares
the hares’ food source
the hares

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49
Q

Which animals did Alfred Lotka use to model predator-prey interactions?

A

butterflies

moths

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50
Q

In order to understand the dynamics of the snowshoe hare population, how many trophic levels was it necessary to study?

A

three

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51
Q

Within the Lotka-Volterra model, what limits the host population size?

A

amount of predators

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52
Q

Which of the following is a benefit that a mathematical model offers to a population ecologist?

A

They can manipulate variables that cannot be controlled in the field.

53
Q

Within the Lotka-Volterra equation, what opposes the growth rate of the predator population?

A

the number of predator deaths

54
Q

According to the Lotka-Volterra equation, what is the initial response to an increase in the predator population?

A

a decrease in the host population

55
Q

What group of organisms did Vito Volterra use to model his predator-prey interactions after?

A

marine fish

56
Q

True or false: The Lotka-Volterra equation is realistic in assuming that the predator and prey populations will be able to oscillate continuously without interruption.

A

false

57
Q

What is the correct order of events in the life cycle of the adzuki bean weevil?

A

Eggs hatch into larvae that metamorphose into pupae that develop into adult weevils.

58
Q

Within the Lotka-Volterra model, what type of growth is assumed for the host population?

A

exponential

59
Q

Which parasitism relationship between the wasp larvae and weevil larvae is accurate?

A

Larvae wasp feed on larvae weevil.

60
Q

In the Lotka-Volterra equation, what formula represents the number of predator deaths?

A

dpNp

61
Q

Which species populations were used by Utida during his experimental attempt to reproduce the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey cycles?

A

parasitoid wasps

adzuki bean weevils

62
Q

Identify the correct sequence of events that would occur, according to the Lotka-Volterra equation.

A

predator population increases, host population decreases, predator population decreases

63
Q

Which of the following are unrealistic assumptions of the Lotka-Volterra equation?

A

Changes in the predator population will be instantaneously translated into responses in the prey population.

The predator populations are not subject to carrying capacities.

Eternal oscillations on a narrowly defined path will exist.

64
Q

What is the length of the adzuki bean weevil life cycle?

A

20 days

65
Q

During which stages of the weevils’ life cycle are they parasitized by the hymenopteran wasp?

A

larvae

pupae

66
Q

What are the consequences of the prey populations in most Lotka-Volterra experiments conducted in a lab? The prey population(s) ______.

A

go extinct

67
Q

Which statement about the weevil and wasp populations is correct?

A

The weevil population was always equal or larger than the wasp population.

68
Q

What role do refuges play in regards to exploited populations?

A

protection against predators and parasites

69
Q

Which prey species was used by Gause during his first attempt to reproduce the Lotka-Volterra population cycles?

A

Paramecium caudatum

70
Q

Which reason best explains why most attempts to produce Lotka-Volterra type oscillations in laboratory populations have failed?

A

The predator population had gone extinct in a fairly short period of time.

71
Q

Which population(s) benefits from the presence of a refuge

A

prey and predators

72
Q

Within Gause’s laboratory experiment, what was considered the reservoir of predators?

A

his laboratory cultures

73
Q

Which group tends to benefit the most from the presence of a refuge?

A

prey

74
Q

The largest predator mite population occurred after the ______ cycle peak in the prey mites population.

A

third

75
Q

What predator was used by Gause during his first attempt to reproduce the Lotka-Volterra population cycles?

A

Didinium nasutum

76
Q

Within the Lotka-Volterra equation, what does p represent?

A

the consumption rate of the predator

77
Q

According to Lotka the value of p should remain the same across different environments.

A

false

78
Q

In the absence of a refuge, what will ultimately happen to the predator and prey populations?

A

extinction of both predator and prey populations

79
Q

Which of the following components were required in order for Gause to produce Lotka-Volterra type predator-prey oscillations under laboratory conditions?

A

a reservoir for the predator population

periodic immigration of predators

a refuge for the prey

80
Q

Identify the relationship, discovered by Huffaker, between predator and prey populations of mites.

A

If the prey population increases, shortly after, the predator population will increase.

81
Q

In what way would p differ if one environment has more refuges than the other?

A

The environment with more refugees would have a lower p value.

(more refuge = less prey, so predators will consume less)

82
Q

Within the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equation, what symbol is used to represent the capture rate of the predator?

A

the symbol p

83
Q

Which factor would most likely cause p to differ between two environments?

A

a difference in the availability of refuges

84
Q

Which of the following refuges enabled the cactus Opuntia stricta to avoid predation by herbivorous insects and pathogenic microbes?

A

nutrient-poor soils

small isolated populations

growing between 600 and 900 m in elevation

85
Q

Which features of group life make it a refuge?

A

Living in a large group decreases an individual’s chances of being the one killed.

A large group can scare away a predator.

86
Q

The value of p will ______ if an environment experiences an increase in the number of refuges over a period of time

A

decrease

87
Q

Which variables are used to calculate the predator’s combined response to increased prey density?

A

the number of predators per area

prey consumed by each predator

88
Q

If the density of prey in a given area were to increase, what would we expect to happen to the percentage of prey consumed? It would ______.

A

decrease

89
Q

Why is growing on nutrient-poor soils and above 600 to 900 m in elevation considered a refuge for the cactus Opuntia stricta?

A

Growing under these conditions produces low-quality plant tissues that are a poorer food choice for herbivorous insects.

90
Q

True or false: Living in a large group is considered a form of prey refuge.

A

true

91
Q

Which prey density produced the highest percentage of prey consumed?

A

medium

92
Q

The predator’s combined response to increased prey density is measured as the ______.

A

prey consumed per unit area

93
Q

When will a prey population experience predator satiation?

A

when the prey population is present in a high density

94
Q

What is the relationship between the prey density and the percentage of prey consumed?

A

The higher the prey density, the lower the percentage of prey consumed.

95
Q

Why did the elk in Yellowstone National Park change their behavior?

A

They were afraid of the increased wolf population in the park.

96
Q

The prey-dependent functional response model and the ratio-dependent functional response model both include the ______.

A

feeding rate

97
Q

What relationship exists between the prey density and the percentage of prey consumed when all three predators were present in the study by C. S. Holling?

A

When prey density is high, the percentage of prey consumed is low.

98
Q

A prey defensive strategy called ________ occurs when prey are present in a very high density, thus decreasing an individual’s chances of being killed by a predator.

A

predator satiation

99
Q

The data plotted in this graph provide evidence for ______.

A

the prey-dependent functional response model

100
Q

In which way would a parasite alter the behavior of its host?

A

It will cause the host to help increase the transmission of the parasites.

101
Q

What were the consequences of reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park?

A

The elk herd altered its pattern of distribution.

102
Q

Recognize the benefit that positive phototaxis in their amphipod hosts provides to spiny-headed worms.

A

greater chance of being transmitted to another host

103
Q

The prey-dependent functional response model’s only variable determining the functional response is the ______, while the ratio-dependent functional response model incorporates the ratio of ______.

A

prey number; prey to predators

104
Q

Which organism was the host species in Janice Moore’s study?

A

the European starling

105
Q

What is the ultimate consequence of the behavioral change that Plagiorhynchus will inflict upon Armadillidium?

A

Armadillidium will be preyed upon more frequently by birds.

106
Q

The data plotted in this graph support the ratio-dependent functional response model because ______.

A

the number of moose killed increases as the ratio of moose to wolves increases

107
Q

True or false: Parasites will often use the host in order to increase the parasites’ reproductive potential.

A

true

108
Q

What is the correct order of stages in the life cycle of Arabis spp.?

A

rosette - bolting - flowering

109
Q

Identify the amphipod behavior that will occur when they are parasitized by spiny-headed worms.

A

positive phototaxis

110
Q

After Puccinia infects the rosettes of Arabis, it invades the activity dividing meristematic tissue during the _______ season.

A

winter

111
Q

In the parasite-host relationship studied by Janice Moore, what was the intermediate host?

A

ANSWER : a pill bug (a terrestrial isopod)

\_\_\_\_\_\_
an acanthocephalan (Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus) is the parasite

a European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is the host

112
Q

In what way does Plagiorhynchus alter the behavior of Armadillidium (pill bugs)?

A

Armadillidium will increase the amount of time they spend in the open.

113
Q

What is the first stage in the life cycle of Arabis spp.?

A

forming a rosette

114
Q

Which of the following features describe an infected Arabis?

A

The tips of the rosettes have a cluster of bright yellow leaves.

Rosettes are elongated.

Rosettes possess a high density of leaves along their length.

115
Q

During which stage of the Arabis life cycle does infection by Puccinia occur?

A

rosette stage

116
Q

Which organism was the host species in Janice Moore’s study?

A

the European starling

117
Q

Which abiotic factor has the LEAST influence on the outcome of competition between Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum?

A

soil texture

2 influences : temperature and moisture

118
Q

In the Park study, which organisms had the highest rate of cannibalism?

A

T. castaneum

119
Q

What is the initial stage of the Adelina life cycle that enables it to enter the host?

A

oocysts

120
Q

How did Adelina alter the outcome of competition between T. confusum and T. castaneum?

A

T. confusum won more often.

121
Q

Which variables influenced the outcome of competition between Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum?

A

temperature and moisture

122
Q

Which insect group makes up the majority of the diet of a lactating Brazilian free-tailed bat?

A

moths

123
Q

What information was Park studying in regards to T. castaneum and T. confusum?

A

rates of cannibalism

124
Q

According to the researchers’ calculations, there were _____ fewer caterpillars damaging cotton plants when Brazilian free-tailed bats are feeding on the bollworm moths.

A

5

125
Q

Identify the correct sequence for the life cycle of Adelina, beginning with entering the host at the top and ending with being encased in oocysts at the bottom.

A
  1. oocysts of adelina enter the host
  2. oocysts develop into the sporozoite stage
  3. sporozoites enter the host’s haemocoel
  4. sporozoites become merozoites and invade host cells
  5. zygotes give rise to sporozoites that are encased in oocysts
126
Q

When Adelina was present, Tribolium castaneum was more successful than Tribolium confusum.

A

false

Tribolium confusum was more successful when Adelina was present.

127
Q

What is the insect consumption level each night of a lactating Brazilian free-tailed bat?

A

2/3 of its body weight

128
Q

Identify the avoided costs that the Cleveland research team assigned to fields that had Brazilian free-tailed bats feeding above them.

A

the value of the crop that was not lost to predation by the bollworm

a decrease in pesticides being applied

Ecology 2227 (22 decks)

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