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Ecology 2227 > Chapter 21 Landscape Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Landscape Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Landscape ecology is the study of the relationship between ______ and ______.

A

spatial pattern; ecological process

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2
Q

The spatial scale of landscape ecology can range from ______ to ______.

A

m; km

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3
Q

Which three of the following are considered to be distinct to landscape ecology relative to other subdisciplines of ecology?

A

includes human activity

highly interdisciplinary

spatial heterogeneity across scales

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4
Q

Which of the following characteristics of landscape elements would define landscape structure?

A

size

composition

position

shape

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5
Q

Within a landscape, ______ form the mosaic that is called landscape structure.

A

patches

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6
Q

The study of the relationships between spatial patterns and ecological processes is known as ______.

A

landscape ecology

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7
Q

Within a landscape mosaic, the element that is most spatially continuous is known as the ______.

A

matrix

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8
Q

Which of the following research projects would be considered to be within the field of landscape ecology?

A

foraging behavior of sheep on a hillslope

transmission of a pathogen along a river corridor

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9
Q

Which of the following are landscape characteristics that differed between sites in the Bowers and Burgess study?

A

number of forest patches

patch area

patch shapes

total forest cover

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10
Q

The role of humans and human disturbance has been incorporated into landscape ecology ______.

A

from the beginning

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11
Q

In Bowers and Burgess’ patch shape formula:

S = P/2ROOTπA

A

perimeter

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12
Q

The size, shape, composition, number, and position of landscape elements would be considered components of landscape ______.

A

structure

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13
Q

In Bower and Burgess’ patch shape formula, patches with a more elongated shape will have a value of S ______ 1.

A

>

greater than

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14
Q

Within landscape ecology, a homogeneous area that differs from surrounding areas is known as a ______.

A

patch

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15
Q

Ecotones are found ______ habitats.

A

along the edges of

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16
Q

The matrix is the element within a landscape mosaic that is considered to be the most spatially ______.

A

continuous

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17
Q

Which of the following describes the species found in ecotones?

A

Some are unique to the ecotone.

There are a mix of species from the adjacent habitats

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18
Q

True or false: Browers and Burgess identified average area of forest patches as one of the ways that these landscapes differ.

A

true

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19
Q

In Bowers and Burgess’ patch shape formula:

the “S” term represents patch ______

A

shape

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20
Q

The edge effect results in ______ species richness compared to the habitats on either side of an ecotone.

A

greater

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21
Q

In Bower and Burgess’ patch shape formula, when S = 1, the patch is ______ in shape.

A

circular

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22
Q

Benoit Mandelbrot developed fractal geometry as a method to ______ the structure of natural shapes.

A

quantify

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23
Q

Edges of habitats that are characterized by transitions of physical and biological characteristics with the adjacent habitat are known as ______.

A

ecotones

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24
Q

Milne’s study of Admiralty Island’s coastline found that length of the coast ______ as the length of the ruler ______.

A

decreased; increased

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25
Q

In general, you would expect species richness of ecotones to be ______ that of the adjacent habitats.

A

greater than

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26
Q

In his study of the Admiralty Island coastline, Milne based his small ruler on the distance between ______.

A

barnacles

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27
Q

The distinctive area of ecological conditions and higher species richness on either side of an ecotone is known as the ______.

A

edge effect

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28
Q

Based upon Milne’s fractal analysis, the coastline of Admiralty Island that an eagle “sees” is ______ that “seen” by a barnacle.

A

less than

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29
Q

The area of mathematics that is used to quantify the structure of complex natural shapes is known as ______ geometry.

A

fractal

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30
Q

Which of the following, within landscape structure, are the three most important properties of habitat patches that influence the movement of organisms between habitats?

A

isolation

size

number

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31
Q

True or false: Milne’s study of the coastline refuted Mandelbrot’s statement that “Coastline length depends on the scale at which it is measured!”

A

false

Correct. Milne’s study supported Mandelbrot’s conclusion that the estimated coastline length decreases as ruler length increases.

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32
Q

Discontinuities in a habitat, often the result of disturbance, that can result in restricting the movement of organisms within habitats is known as ______.

A

fragmentation

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33
Q

In their study of fragmentation in prairie grasslands, Diffendorfer et al. used ______ to create habitat patches of differing sizes.

A

mowing

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34
Q

In his study of the Admiralty Island coastline, Milne based his big ruler on the distance between ______.

A

bald eagle nests

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35
Q

In fragmented habitats, organisms were predicted to move ______ distances in order to find mates, food, and cover.

A

longer

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36
Q

The difference in coast length “seen” by barnacles and eagles is a result of a difference in their ______.

A

rulers

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37
Q

For organisms living in desert oases, ______ is the patch characteristic that would have a significant effect on the movement of these organisms between habitats.

A

isolation

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38
Q

Overall, the results from the Diffendorfer et al. study were ______ with respect to their original hypotheses.

A

supportive

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39
Q

The restricted movement of organisms between habitats resulting from an increase in habitat fragmentation may result in local population ______.

A

extinction

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40
Q

The study of fragmentation by Hanski et al. studied butterflies in a landscape that contained which of the following habitats?

A

small farms

woods

pastures

cultivated fields

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41
Q

The focus of research by Diffendorfer et al. on prairie fragmentation was ______.

A

rodents

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42
Q

Hanski et al. found that the best measure of patch isolation was a combination of ______ and ______.

A

distance between patches; number of butterflies in a patch

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43
Q

Diffendorfer et al. predicted that the combined sum of all animal movement would ______ with increased fragmentation.

A

decrease

44
Q

Hanski et al. found that butterfly populations ______ with habitat patch area.

A

increase

45
Q

Of the three rodent species studied, only ______ showed no differences in movement patterns between the medium and large patch treatments.

A

cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)

46
Q

During the course of their study, Hanski et al. observed several populations go extinct. These occurred on ______ patches with ______ populations.

A

small; small

47
Q

As observed in the Hanski study, the food plant used by the butterflies and patches generally occurs in only which of the following habitats?

A

meadows

pastures

48
Q

The focus of the Haddad and Baum study on patches was to examine the role of ______ on organism movement.

A

corridors

49
Q

Hanski et al. found that the best measure of patch isolation was a combination of which of the following factors?

A

Distance between patches

Number of butterflies in a patch

50
Q

Hanski et al. found that ______ habitat patches supported butterfly populations with ______ densities.

A

larger; lower

51
Q

Haddad and Baum found that corridors ______ the densities of butterflies on open habitats.

A

increased

52
Q

During the course of their study, Hanski et al. observed several colonizations of new patches. These occurred on ______ patches with ______ populations.

A

small; small

53
Q

Studies on patches and corridors found that corridors ______ rates of pollination in plants.

A

increased

54
Q

Haddad and Baum created patches by ______ in order to study butterfly movement.

A

cutting forest

55
Q

The location of a lake within a hydrologic flow system is known as its ______.

A

landscape position

56
Q

During Webster’s study, the change in lake level during a drought period was related to ______.

A

landscape position

57
Q

In Webster’s study, the concentrations of the individual cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased least in the lakes of which region of the hydrologic flow system?

A

middle

58
Q

Haddad and Baum found that corridors ______ movement of butterflies between patches.

A

increased the frequency of

59
Q

Webster et al. concluded that the increased mass of cations in the lakes at the ______ of the hydrologic system was the result of ______ ground and surface water flows.

A

lower end; increased

60
Q

Studies on patches and corridors found that corridors ______ rates of seed dispersal by birds.

A

increased

61
Q

Which of the following of the three geologic processes are the primary source of landscape structure?

A

volcanism

sedimentation

erosion

62
Q

Webster defined a lake’s position within a hydrologic flow as the proportion of the total inflow that comes from ______.

A

groundwater flow

63
Q

Which two of the following processes are most responsible for the distinctive landforms of the Sonoran Desert bajadas?

A

deposition

erosion

64
Q

During Webster’s study, the change in lake level during a drought period depended upon where the lake was in the hydrologic flow.

Rank the following locations, from greatest to least, based upon the change in lake level that occurred during the drought.

A

middle
upper
lower

65
Q

In general, McAuliffe found that in the bajadas, the oldest soils were found at the ______ end of the range.

(Hint: Think about the directions the glaciers most likely came from and which area most likely melted first.)

A

southern

66
Q

In Webster’s study, the combined concentrations of the cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased most in the lakes of which region of the hydrologic flow system?

A

lower

67
Q

The stability of the cations in Morgan Lake, Wisconsin, is the result of its ______ groundwater flow. This lake is in the middle of its hydrologic flow system.

A

isolation from

68
Q

The clay layer found in the Pleistocene soils of the Sonoran Desert is known as the ______ horizon.

A

argillic

69
Q

True or false: Geological processes such as volcanism, sedimentation, and erosion are the primary sources of landscape structure.

A

true

70
Q

The perennial plant _______ deltoidea dominates the soils of the middle to late Pleistocene in the bajadas region.

A

ambrosia

71
Q

The bajadas of the Sonoran Desert consist of ______ of distinctive landforms.

A

a complex mosaic

72
Q

The red color of argillic soils is the result of iron being deposited during periods of ______.

A

intermittent wetting

73
Q

In general, McAuliffe found that in the bajadas, the age of the soils decreased when moving ______. (Hint: Think about the directions the glaciers most likely came from.)

A

south to north

74
Q

Organisms that change the physical environment and influence landscape structure are known as ecosystem ______.

A

engineers

75
Q

During the period between 1831 and 1950, forested areas within Cadiz, Wisconsin, ______.

A

decreased

76
Q

A hardpan desert soil layer formed by the precipitation of CaCO3 is known as ______.

A

caliche

77
Q

Match the plant type with the soils where they are most abundant in the bajadas region of the Sonora Desert.

A

Larrea = Holocene and early Pleistocene soils

Ambrosia = Middle to late Pleistocene soils

Other perennials = Eroded Pleistocene soils

78
Q

The Veluwe, in the central Netherlands, was originally dominated by ______.

A

mixed forests

79
Q

The red color of the argillic soils is the result of a buildup of ______.

A

oxidized iron

80
Q

The landscape changes in both Cadiz, Wisconsin, and Veluwe, Netherlands, were driven by which factor?

A

economics

81
Q

Ecosystem engineers are organisms that can alter the physical environments sufficiently to influence changes in which of the following?

A

ecosystems

communities

landscapes

82
Q

Which of the following are environmental changes resulting from kangaroo rat burrows?

A

modification of soil structure

alteration of soil nutrients

alteration of the distribution of plants

83
Q

True or false: During the period between 1831 and 1950, the area of forest increased due to regrowth on abandoned farms in Cadiz, Wisconsin.

A

false

84
Q

Which of the following are the result of beaver activity on the landscape?

A

nutrient trapping

increased wetlands

forest patchiness

altered hydrology

85
Q

From the beginning of the beavers’ reintroduction until 1988, the landscape of the Kabetogama Peninsula changed from being dominated by ______ to ______.

A

boreal forests; complex habitat mosaic

86
Q

As a result of early human activity, the Veluwe, in central Netherlands, became dominated by ______.

A

heathlands

87
Q

In the Kabetogama Peninsula, beaver activity resulted in ______ nutrient entrapment in impoundments.

A

an increase of

88
Q

The changes in land cover in Veluwe Netherlands are most similar to those of ______, resulting in ______ of forest cover.

A

northeastern United States; an increase

89
Q

Which of the following did Naiman propose for the increased nutrient storage in beaver impoundments?

A

entrapment of eroded materials

alteration of biogeochemical cycles

capture of nutrients formerly used by plants

90
Q

Match the organism to its environmental engineering effect.

A

alligators = Drought refuges

kangaroo rats and termites = Soil development

elephants = Grassland conversion

91
Q

Minnich used ______ to study fire history on the landscapes of southern and Baja California.

A

satellite images

92
Q

The activities of beaver ______ the extent of wetlands in the landscape.

A

increase

93
Q

Minnich hypothesized that the difference in landscape structure between southern California and Baja California is the result of a difference in ______.

A

fire history

94
Q

Beaver reinvaded the Kabetogama Peninsula around 1925. This resulted in an increase in pond density from ______ per square kilometer between 1927 and 1988.

A

0.2 to 3.0

95
Q

Minnich found that between 1972 and 1980 the total burned area in southern California was ______ that in Baja California.

A

similar to

96
Q

In the Kabetogama Peninsula, beaver activity resulted in ______ nitrogen in impoundments.

A

an increase of

97
Q

What is a heat wave?

A

a period of abnormally hot and usually humid weather

98
Q

According to Naiman, the loss of forest vegetation near beaver impoundments would result in ______ in nutrient capture.

A

an increase

99
Q

Urban areas often experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas; this phenomenon is known as an urban ______ ________

A

heat

island

100
Q

Fire suppression in southern California ______ as a result of urbanization.

A

increased

101
Q

What color for roofs would be best to reduce the urban heat island effect?

A

white

102
Q

Minnich hypothesized that ______ resulted in ______ fires in southern California, as compared to Baja California.

A

fire suppression; larger

103
Q

Minnich found that between 1972 and 1980 the number of large burns in southern California was ______ that in Baja California.

A

greater than

104
Q

A period of abnormally hot and humid weather lasting for a few days or more is known as a ______.

A

heat wave

105
Q

What is the phenomenon known as an urban heat island?

A

Urban areas have higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas.

106
Q

Identify ways to mitigate the urban heat island effect.

A

increase the number of trees

adopt more energy-efficient transportation systems

encourage green roofs

Ecology 2227 (22 decks)

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